润滑

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

The wear mechanisms of the graphite pairs were examined based on the original image before and after sliding, the result shows that under air media, the graphite pairs works on the conditions of boundary lubrication and the wear mechanism is dominated by adhesion and plough wear, which is dominated by slightly plough wear under water environment.

磨损表面原始形貌对比分析表明，在空气中，摩擦副表面处于边界润滑状态，主要磨损机制是粘着磨损和犁削；水润滑条件下为轻微犁削；油润滑条件下，摩擦副表面处于为边界润滑和流体润滑状态，油中的减摩剂对试样表面有抛光作用。

Great progress has been made by taking the following technical improvement for the 2500 ton Hydropress: to replace thin oil with lithium grease in its lubricating system; to add four manual grease pumps; to lubricate the four griding parts of the movable beam and the six parts of the column plug sleeves.

通过对2500吨水压机润滑系统改稀油润滑为锂基润滑脂润滑，加装四台手动干油泵，对活动梁四个导向部位和主柱塞压套六个部位实施油膜润滑的技改实践，使1995年较1994年设备完好率提高1。

Company main product: 40MPa and following pressure rank drying oil lubrication system and forms a complete set with each kind of specification lubrication pump, divides the adapter, the gasoline-feed pump; XYZ, XHZ standard thin oil lubrication system and each kind of non-sign thin oil lubrication system and hydraulic system; Oil gas, emulsion lubrication system design, manufacture; Pipeline bridge piece, row pipe cooler, filter and so on, more than 50 varieties, more than 1000 specifications.

公司主要产品：40MPa及以下压力等级干油润滑系统及配套用各种规格润滑泵、分配器、加油泵；XYZ、XHZ标准稀油润滑系统及各种非标稀油润滑系统和液压系统；油气、乳化液润滑系统设计、制造；列管式冷却器、过滤器、管路连接件等50多个品种1000多个规格。

Type of guide Loading method Block mounting direction Ball retainer Ball Cage Ball Radial Type Top surface mount Yes None LaCS is available Plate cover / steel tape is available Dust cover type Seal Resistance Value Seal types for seal resistance value None None None 1.30 UU Dedicated cap for the LM rail mounting hole Applicable to QZ Lubricator Lubrication method Grease brand Nipple, plumbing fixture type C3 None Greas...

导轨型号负荷方式滑块安装方向防止滚珠脱落用保持器球保持器滚珠径向型从上安装有无与LaCS配用可选用紧绷薄钢带/粘接薄钢带防尘罩形式密封垫片阻力值各种阻力值的密封垫片无无无 1.30 UU LM轨道安装孔专用防尘盖可配用QZ润滑装置润滑方式润滑脂品牌螺纹接口、配管接头型式 C3 无脂润滑，油润滑。。。

Type of guide Loading method Block mounting direction Ball retainer Ball Cage Ball 4-way Equal Load Type Top surface mount None None LaCS is available Plate cover / steel tape is available Dust cover type Seal Resistance Value Seal types for seal resistance value None None None 0.10 UU Dedicated cap for the LM rail mounting hole Applicable to QZ Lubricator Lubrication method Grease brand Nipple, plumbing fixture type No...

导轨型号负荷方式滑块安装方向防止滚珠脱落用保持器球保持器滚珠径向型从上安装无无与LaCS配用可选用紧绷薄钢带/粘接薄钢带防尘罩形式密封垫片阻力值各种阻力值的密封垫片无无无 0.80 UU LM轨道安装孔专用防尘盖可配用QZ润滑装置润滑方式润滑脂品牌螺纹接口、配管接头型式 C3 无脂润滑，油润滑。。。

Type of guide Loading method Ball retainer Ball Cage LaCS is available Ball 4-way Equal Load Type Yes None None Plate cover / steel tape is available Dust cover type Seal Resistance Value Seal types for seal resistance value Dedicated cap for the LM rail mounting hole None None 3.90 UU C6 Applicable to QZ Lubricator Lubrication method Grease brand Nipple, plumbing fixture type Preload grade None Grease lubrication, oil...

导轨型号负荷方式防止滚珠脱落用保持器球保持器与LaCS配用滚珠 4方向等负荷型有无无可选用紧绷薄钢带/粘接薄钢带防尘罩形式密封垫片阻力值各种阻力值的密封垫片 LM轨道安装孔专用防尘盖无无 3.90 UU C6 可配用QZ润滑装置润滑方式润滑脂品牌螺纹接口、配管接头型式预压等级无脂润滑，油润滑，其它。。。

The paper summrized lubrication technology and the selection of lubricant for rotary kiln, grate cooler, mill, conveyor mechanical equipment and large scale fan as following,(1)in rotary kiln, apply oil spoon of circulatory lubrication or pump forced oil supply system in the roller supporting mechanism and use (superscript #)680 high load industrial gear oil, and use lubrication method of idle oil wheel or spray in drive gear wheel and select solid lubricant which has high viscosity, strong adsorbability, good abrasion resistance in utmost pressure and lattic crystal structure,(2) in grate cooler, use immersion oil lubrcation in reducer and boiled oil centralized lubrication method in supporting roller and guide roller bearing, choose (superscript #)1 limit pressure lithium lubrcant grease,(3) in mill, use circulatory lubrication with fluxing oil station in drive mechanism and circulatory lubrication with high-low pressure fluxing oil station in main bearing and sliding shoe bearing and select N320 industrial gear oil.

文章全面总结了回转窑、篦冷机、磨机、输送机械及大型风机的润滑技术和润滑剂的选择。其中，(1)回转窑的托轮支承装置一般采用油勺供油的连续循环润滑方式或油泵强制供油系统，润滑油选用680重负荷工业齿轮油；传动大小齿轮的润滑一般采用带油轮或喷雾的润滑方式，润滑剂宜选用粘度高、吸附性强、极压耐磨性好、具有点阵晶体结构的固体润滑剂；(2)篦冷机中传动减速机的润滑一般采用浸油飞溅润滑；托轮，挡轮轴承的润滑一般采用干油集中润滑的方式，润滑脂一般选用锥入度310~340的1极压锂基润滑脂；(3)磨机中传动装置一般采用稀油润滑站循环润滑和冷却的方式；主轴承或滑履轴承的润滑一般采用高低压稀油润滑站循环润滑和冷却的方式，润滑油一般选用N320工业齿轮油。

The development condition of constant velocity joint grease, wheel bearing grease,electrical installation bearing grease and electrical contactor grease are intro- duced.

汽车向小型和轻量化的方向发展，很多部件的结构发生了变化，使润滑条件变得苛刻，对润滑脂的耐热性能和长寿命提出更高的要求，介绍了汽车等速节润滑脂，轮轴轴承润滑脂，电装置轴承润滑脂和电触点润滑脂的发展状况。

Based on practice,the paper discusses the design technique and principle of rolling mill oil film bearing,depicts the compose,function,equipped principle of all kinds of lubrication parts in lubrication syste

从实践出发，论述了轧机油膜轴承动压润滑原理和润滑系统的设计方法，系统地介绍了轧机油膜轴承润滑系统的设计原则及油膜轴承润滑系统各部分的组成及其各润滑元件的功能特征等。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。