消极主义

But under the influence of naturalism epistemology of sensationalism, phenomenalism and atomism, self has become isolated and consciousness has become negative, which leads to the dualism of subject and object, soul and body, mind and material, causes free will to lose and self-consciousness to be divided.

但是由于受到自然主义的感觉主义、现象主义、原子主义认识论的影响，自我成为了一种孤立的自我，意识也成为了一种消极的意识，从而导致了主客、灵肉、心物的视域分离，造成了人的自由意志的沦丧和自我意识的二元处境。

The first reason is defeatist, the second greatly exaggerated.

第一种是消极主义，第二种则太过夸张。

The present thesis adopts Iseult Honohan's six basic elements of republicanism as a theoretical framework for the study of Jefferson's conception of republicanism, which is the theoretical basis of his conception of the ward system:(1) Jefferson's conception of virtue, characterized by his optimism about the universality of the moral sense and the people's capacity of self-government;(2) Jefferson's conception of freedom, characterized by his synthesis of both negative liberty and positive liberty;(3) Jefferson's criterion of the republican government and the scope of the republic, characterized by his synthesis of both participation and representation;(4) Jefferson's conception of the shaping of republican citizens, characterized by the synthesis of school education and active participation in public affairs;(5) Jefferson's conception of the material preconditions of the republic, characterized by his primary concern for the economic independence and political freedom of both the individual and the nation.

杰斐逊的共和主义思想是他的分区制度构想的理论基础。论文首先采用Iseult Honohan 的"共和主义基本要素"作为理论框架，从以下五个方面对杰斐逊的共和主义思想进行研究：(1)道德观，主要特点体现为对道德意识的普遍性和人民的自治能力持乐观态度；(2)自由观，主要特点体现为消极自由与积极自由相结合；(3)共和政府的标准以及共和国的范围，主要特点体现为人民直接参政与代议制相结合；(4)塑造共和公民，主要特点体现为学校教育与积极参与公共事务相结合；(5)共和国的经济基础，主要特点体现为对个人与国家的经济独立与政治自由的关注。

This article will go on discussing and analyzing the proposition of"Negative Capability"from the points of literary ontology、subjectivity and culture.

消极感受力"这一范畴"消极"的背后蕴涵着最大的"积极"，积极地体悟美、积极地探索追求文学的本体，谦卑地将自己主体中心主义的意识隐去，还艺术以艺术的美感，使文学本体论的转向成为可能；"消极"的背后将主体的探讨引向更加宽广的领域，使一元主体中心论得以解体，使主体间性等对话意识成为可能；"消极"是对一切造物最大的尊重，对生活、对人类文化最"积极"地体味与感恩意识；"消极"与"积极一个在明一个在暗，交相辉映，成就了济慈对诗学本体的诉求，成就了诗歌领域伟大转向的可能，成就了张力的对话。

To Popper,the relationship mainly is that: Moral is the most important thing in the whole human world,science should be based on ethics;Moral and science in nature are radically different;reasonable science activity and reasonable moral practice share common fact foundation, common reverse thinking mode,and common realist and negativist manner.

在他那里，两者关系主要为：其一，道德在全部人的世界中处于最重要的地位，科学应该以伦理学为基础；其二，道德与科学性质是根本不同的；其三，合理科学活动与合理道德实践分享共同的客观事实基础，共同的反向思维方式以及由此形成的现实主义、消极主义态度。

Hard case;judicial philosophy;judicial activism;judicial self—restraint

疑难案件；司法哲学；司法能动主义；司法消极主义

For a long time,structuralism has played quite different parts in lexicological studies of Chinese,both active and inactive.At present,a better way out for Chinese lexical study is to break away from the framework of structuralism and return to the most essential state.A multi-proportion view should be introduced with the interaction between man and space of existence as the most primary.Besides,a hierarchy of goals should be set up with the understanding of "man" in the national mind as the highest.Finally,different approaches should be developed with cognition.explanation??

摘 要：面对长期以来结构主义等学派在发挥巨大积极作用同时又具有深刻消极影响的状况，当前的汉语词汇研究，最好能突破结构主义框架，走出结构主义走势，回到最为根本之处，开启多维视角而突出人与生存空间互动这一主要视角，确立多层目标而突出认识民族&人&这一最高目标，拓展多向思路而突出认知？

Under the prerequisite of essential positivism of insisting on the leadership of the CCP, there are two kinds of standpoints about the rule of the CCP: formal positivism and formal passivism.

在坚持中国共产党的领导这一实质积极主义前提下，党的执政存在形式积极主义与形式消极主义两种立场。

According to the general principles of constitutionalism, legislation, administration and judicature have different properties in public law and different features in the degree of openness and activity. To really realize governance by law, flexible choices should be made between formal positivism and formal passivism according to the different properties and features of legislation, administration and judicature, which altogether depends on the CCP's putting itself in a modest position. Only in this way can the ultimate conception of the harmonious combination of political and legal values of governance by law come into reality.

从宪政的一般原理上看，立法、行政与司法在公法上具有不同的性质，并且在开放性、能动性等方面具有不同的特性，要真正实现依法执政就必须依照立法、行政与司法的不同性质与特点在形式积极主义与形式消极主义间进行灵活选择，而这一切端赖于中国共产党的自我谦抑立场，如此方可实现将依法执政的政治价值与法治价值这两种不同的价值目标进行和谐统合的终极构想。

Her writings perhaps give us a dark picture of life, but she is no pessimist, since in pessimism there is generally a whiff of self-pity and a tacit plea. Rather, grinding through her imprecations is a scandalous joviality without hope, rays from a black sun.Most honoured Elfriede Jelinek!

她的作品，也许给了我们一幅黑暗的人生图画，但她并不是一个消极主义者，因为，在消极主义中通常有一种自怜的情调和无言的辩白；而她的诅咒的念叨，夹杂着无望的传播丑闻的惬意，是来自一轮黑色太阳的闪光。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷