海洋度

Generally, three kinds of methods, including microstrocture, cathodoluminescence and trace element concentration analysis, are applied to verify the preservation state of original geochemical information preserved in the articulate fossil.

低镁方解石腕足化石壳体被广泛地应用于地质历史时期原始海洋地球化学组成的重建研究，其保存度的识别是该研究的一项重要内容。

The general forms of the conservation of momentum, t emperature and potential vorticity of coastal ocean are obtained in the xz pla ne for the nonlinear ocean circulation of Boussinesq fluid, and a elliptic type partial differential equations of second order are derived. Solution of the part ial differential equations are obtained under the conditions that the fluid move s along the topography.

在考虑了陆架地形后，在垂直海岸的xz剖面上，对Boussinesq流体的非线性海洋运动方程求得了总动量守恒、温度守恒和位势涡度守恒的普适形式，进而得到流函数所满足的椭圆型二阶偏微分方程，在给定流体沿地形运动的条件下，算出问题的解。

Early Carboniferous basalt of Shuangjiang domain was formed in late geosyncline stage. Its REE pattern and primordial mantle normalyzing incompatible element abundance are similar to that of basalts from back-arc basin of ocean.

双江地区的早石炭世玄武岩形成于该区地槽阶段的晚期，其REE模式和不相容元素原始地幔标准化丰度与海洋弧后盆地玄武岩相似。

Along the margins of this region are physical features indicative of ancient shorelines.[169] Sea level must follow a line of constant gravitational potential.

火星侦察轨道器的高解析度成像科学设备在火星古代海洋发现大型的圆石块，但这些圆石块应该是只在细颗粒泥沙中被发现[176]。

The ocean surface's average pH is currently estimated to be around 8.1, and to have dropped from about 8.2 since around 1800, before the industrial revolution took off, says Zeebe. A reduction of 0.1 units does not sound like much, but pH units are on a logarithmic scale, so a drop of one unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in acidity.

齐伯说：据估计，目前海洋表面的平均 pH 值大约下降到了8.1，在工业革命开始之前的1800年前后， pH 值为8.2.0.1的下降幅度听起来并不大，但是 pH 值单位利用的是对数标度，所以降低一个单位对应着酸度上升10倍。

Based on the data of four seasonal investigations in Yangtze River estuary (28°00'-32°00'N, 122°00'-123°30'E) from the year 2002 to 2003, the distribution pattern of pelagic mollusc, the seasonal changes of total abundance and the species composition were analyzed. Furthermore, environmental adaptation of dominant species was deduced through scatter plot of abundance and temperature-salinity.

根据2002-2003年长江口28°00'-2°00'N、122°00'-123°30'E海域4个季节的海洋调查资料，运用定量、定性方法，探讨了长江口邻近海域浮游软体动物总丰度的平面分布、季节变化、种类组成及优势种的环境适应类型。

Specifically, the image intensity gradient is utilized as the impetus and direction for oil slick propagation.

在该方法中，海洋浮油膜特征表示为扩散界面，影像灰度的梯度决定了界面扩散的方向和强度。

Based on a quantitative analysis of radiolarian in 80 surface-sediment samples from the northern area of Okinawa Trough, this paper reported the species composition and faunal assemblages characteristic of radiolarian, expounded the distribution pattern of radiolarian abundance and diversity in surface sediments from this area. In this paper, a preliminary study on the relation of the distribution and abundance of radiolarian to environmental factors, such as chemical and physical properties of the overlying masses (sea-surface temperature, salinity, nutrients and primary productivity) and the type and composition of sea-bed sediments was made. The radiolarian data was evaluated using a Q-mode factor analysis to identify different faunal assemblages and their geographic distributions, then the relationship between radiolarian assemblages and distribution of water masses, hydrographic boundaries such as frontal systems was analyzed. A new radiolarian-based transfer function to estimate mean-annual sea surface temperature and seasonal range were examined to test its success in the study area.

本文对冲绳海槽北部80个表层沉积样品中的放射虫进行了系统鉴定和定量统计，研究了放射虫的种类组成与类群特征以及其丰度和分异度的分布；分析了海水温度、盐度、营养盐以及沉积物类型、成分等环境因素对放射虫分布的影响；采用Q-型因子分析，求得放射虫的属种和组合分布特征，探讨了放射虫组合与不同水团、海洋水文结构之间的关系；并对Pisias（1997）建立的估计表层海水年平均温度和其变化范围的放射虫转换函数在研究区的适用性做了检验。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

An investigation was carried out in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea to reveal the quantitative relationship between the density of flagellates and suspended paticles in the summer of 2001. The results show that the density of flagellates varies from 44 to 12 600 i./cm^3, which can reach a large percentage of the suspended particles.

对2001年8月黄海中部和南部以及东海北部海洋鞭毛虫的丰度及其与悬浮颗粒物的数量关系进行了研究，发现调查区域内的鞭毛虫丰度为44～12 600个／平方公分，它们在悬浮颗粒中所占的比例可达60%以上。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。