海损

The incurrence of damage or loss of a ship or a cargo at sea.

海损损失：因海损使船货受损的情况

He had been deputy secretary-general of CIETAC, deputy director-general of CCPIT legal affairs department, vice director and secretary-general of CMAC, secretary of China Maritime Arbitration Association, chairman of director board of Dari Co.Ltd in Hong Kong set up jointly by CCPIT and Richards Hogg Lindley Ltd. As arbitrator, Mr. Kang has settled more than 400 foreign or international commercial arbitration cases.

曾任中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会副处长、处长、副秘书长，中国国际贸易促进委员会法律部副部长，中国海事仲裁委员会副主任兼秘书长，中国海商法协会秘书长，中国贸促会与英国国际理霍海损理算有限公司合资成立的从事海损理算和海事理赔的香港德理有限公司董事、董事长。

Is entitled, subject to the conditions imposed by maritime law, to a ratable

它包括共同海损牺牲和共同海损费用。

Where there is a general average loss, the party on whom it falls is entitled, subject to the conditions imposed by the maritime law, to a ratable contribution from the other parties interested, and such contribution is call general average contribution.

如果发生共同海损损失，根据海商法规定的条件，遭受损失的一方有权从其他有关利益方得到比例分摊，这种分摊称为共同海损分摊。

The general average cases will decline with the shipowner's conservative attitude, the small general average clause will decrease too.

经由新制约安规则修订之影响，可预见共同海损制度将朝向理算规则与程序简化之目标迈进，共同海损案件亦将随著船东趋於保守之态度而有所下降，小额共同海损条款使用之情形也将增加，以避免小额共同海损理算的不经济；另一方面经由理算项目的减少，共同海损金额亦将下降，预期将可降低海上保险人损失赔款支出，并有新险种需求产生之可能；整体而言，新制约安规则系有利於货主而损及船东利益，使得共同利益与共同安全的冲突关系有新的平衡产生。

To these values shall be added the amount made good as general average for property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made from the value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average.

上述价值如果没有包括牺牲的财产作为共同海损受到补偿的数额，则应加上这一数额。有风险的客、货运费，应扣减假如船舶和货物在共同海损行为发生之日全部损失就无须为赚得该项费用而支付的、不属于共同海损的费用和船员工资。财产价值还应扣减在共同海损行为发生以后所支付的一切额外费用，但已作为共同海损的费用或根据1989年国际救助公约第14条或任何其他实质上类似的规定裁决应由船舶承担的特别补偿除外。

To these values shall be added the amount made good as general average for property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made from the value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average .

上述价值如果没有包括牺牲的财产作为共同海损受到补偿的数额，则应加上这一数额。有风险的客、货运费，应扣减假如船舶和货物在共同海损行为发生之日全部损失就无须为赚得该项费用而支付的、不属于共同海损的费用和船员工资。财产价值还应扣减在共同海损行为发生以后所支付的一切额外费用，但已作为共同海损的费用除外。

To these values shall be added the amount made good as general average for property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made from the value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average or fall upon the ship by virtue of an award for special compensation under Art.

上述价值如果没有包括牺牲的财产作为共同海损受到补偿的数额，则应加上这一数额。有风险的客、货运费，应扣减假如船舶和货物在共同海损行为发生之日全部损失就无须为赚得该项费用而支付的、不属于共同海损的费用和船员工资。

BTo these values shall be added the amount allowed as general average for property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made from the value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average or fall upon the ship by virtue of an award for special compensation under Art.

2上述价值如果没有包括牺牲的财产作为共同海损受到补偿的数额，则应加上这一数额。有风险的客、货运费，应扣减假如船舶和货物在共同海损行为发生之日全部损失就无须为赚得该项费用而支付的、不属于共同海损的费用和船员工资。

A and the possible requirements should be met with when G.A is abolished. In Chapter 3, the Writer analyzed the basis of General Average and disclosed that the foundation of General Average has been wavered, which creates favourable condition for the abolishment of G.A, when the development of the seamanship has achievd great advances and people's capability to resist sea risks improves constantly.

在此基础之上，作者在第三章进一步分析了共同海损制度存在的前提和基础，阐述了随着航海技术的发展和人们抗御海上风险能力的增强，共同海损制度的存在基础已经发生了动摇，这为废除共同海损制度创造了条件。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。