海底

There is no meaning of sequent construction and operation without excellent designwork being as the basis of the whole submarine pipeline project.

海底管道设计是海底管道工程中的重要组成部分，没有良好的设计作为基础，会严重影响工程质量，施工建造和运营将变得毫无根据。

The evolution process under the control of the multigeodynamic force system (including the boundary forces of Eurasia-Pacific-Indian three massive plates around Nansha block, effects of the deep mantle, relative soft layer-sliding planes within Nansha lithosphere block and the earth's rotational inertial force) can be briefly divided four stages: the late Cretaceous to the early Eocene stage of uprilfing-erosion and shear-extension caused by the oceanwards-eastwards withdrew of Pacific subduction zone and the delamination of proto-subducted slab after the stage of pre-Cretaceous pre-rifting active continentoceanic plate margin. In this stage, the Nansha transcrustal layering-block started to move southeastwards on the Nansha transcrustal layer-sliding plane, meanwhile, the Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basement layering-block slid on their upper-crust layer-sliding planes, and Xibu accretion zone was formed. Successively, it entered the stage of the mid-Eocene to early Oligocene, when NW-SE sea-floor spreading occurred in the southwest subbasin owing to the slip-line field initiated by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, Zengmu foreland-basin started to develop in the same time. And in the stage of late Oligocene to early Miocene, near NS simple-shear extension and sea-floor spreading in the central subbasin of eastern South China Sea resulted from the south-southeastwards drawing-force of the mantle-flow. The crustal layering-blocks and the Miri accretion zone formed also in this stage.

南沙岩石圈新生代微板块及板内层块构造的动力演化过程，在多元动力等因素(如块体之外的欧-太-印三大板块运动边界力和地幔深部活动因素、块体内部软弱层滑面以及地球自转变化)控制下，大致经历了4个阶段的演化：从前晚白垩世的裂前活动陆-洋板块边缘阶段因太平洋俯冲带向东跃迁、原向NNW俯冲消亡的板片的拆沉、幔隆而进入晚白垩世-早始新世的隆升剥蚀、剪切伸展演化阶段，南沙超壳层块顺超壳层滑面祥东南运移、安渡-毕生与礼乐-半月基底层块沿上壳层滑面拆离，西布增生带形成；继而先后在中始新世-早渐新世期间受印-欧板块碰撞滑线场、地球自转加速影响出现西南海盆NW-SE向海底扩张和曾母前陆盆地的发育，和晚渐新世-早中新世期间南—东南向地幔流牵引造成的中央次海盆近NS向单剪伸展与海底扩张、壳体层块向南差异滑移、米里增生带形成；中中新世以来，印度-澳洲板块快速向北俯冲，构成今日南海格局。

Spring Under Sea is a complex of the contradictions: Dark sea bed with bright spring, lively flowers with pale and rotten body, beautiful decorations with ugly face.

海底的春天》正是一个矛盾的复合体：阴暗的海底与阳光明媚的春天，生机勃勃的鲜花和苍白腐朽的躯体，美丽的装饰与丑陋的脸。

The shallowsubmarine hydrothermal activities generally appear in the oceanic volcano crowns or flanks. The submerged flanks of island arc volcanoes provide an exceptional opportunity to study the essential differences and similarities between subaerial and submarine venting and the transition from one to the other.

浅海型海底热液活动一般出现于海底火山顶部或者翼部，其所处的特殊地理位置是深海热液活动和陆上热泉的过渡地形。

The research on the seismic design of subsea pipelines and buckling of pipelines with initial imperfections is one of the academic...

海底管道的抗震问题以及含缺陷海底管遭的稳定性问题是海洋工程研究的热点之一。

The technique for subsea pipeline dry maintenance is one of the methods for solving the problems.

海底管道在使用过程中，会由于各种原因而损坏，严重时需要更换损坏的管段，海底管道干式维修技术就是解决这一问题的方法之一。

Kiaochow Bay subsea tunnel is the second self-building tunnel in China with the designed service life over 100 years.

胶州湾海底隧道是中国自行建造的第二条海底隧道，其服役寿命为100a。

The research on the seismic design of subsea pipelines and buckling of pipelines with initial imperfections is one of the academic and engineering attractions in ocean engineering.

海底管道的抗震问题以及含缺陷海底管遭的稳定性问题是海洋工程研究的热点之一。

At present 2 subsea tunnels are under construction in China and the other subsea tunnels in China are still in research stage.

海底隧道工程在国内还是刚刚起步，正在施工的海底隧道有两条隧道，其他还处于研究之中。

Also subsea tunnel projects in other Nordic countries will be presented as they have been designed and constructed according to Norwegian subsea tunnel principles.

相应地，介绍了其他北欧国家的海底隧道，这些隧道大多也是根据挪威海底隧道的经验进行设计和施工的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。