海上风险

This article deals with the development of the marine insurance laws and the theoretical and practical problems associated with marine insuran ce, such as the risks (perils of the sea, jettison and barratry), additional risks (theft, pilferage and non-delivery, T. P. N. D., rain fresh water damager, risk of shortage, risk of odour), special additional risks (war risk, strikes, riots and civil commotions risks, S. R. C. C.) and excluded perils, as well as losses and charges insured, i. e. total los...

本文主要论述海上保险法的发展及其有关的理论和实际问题，如承保的风险(海难、投弃和船长与船员的不法行为)、附加险(偷盗、提货不着、淡水雨淋、缺量、串味)、特别附加险(战争险、罢工、骚乱和民变险)和除外风险，及承保的损失与费用，即全部损失和部分损失，以及委付与代位权等，使读者对保险法可以得到概括的理解，有助于他们更好地从事国际商事活动和法律活动。

This article deals with the development of the marine insurance laws and the theoretical and practical problems associated with marine insuran ce, such as the risks (perils of the sea, jettison and barratry), additional risks (theft, pilferage and non-delivery, T. P. N. D., rain fresh water damager, risk of shortage, risk of odour), special additional risks (war risk, strikes, riots and civil commotions risks, S. R. C. C.) and excluded perils, as well as losses and charges insured, i. e. total loss act...

本文主要论述海上保险法的发展及其有关的理论和实际问题，如承保的风险(海难、投弃和船长与船员的不法行为)、附加险(偷盗、提货不着、淡水雨淋、缺量、串味)、特别附加险(战争险、罢工、骚乱和民变险)和除外风险，及承保的损失与费用，即全部损失和部分损失，以及委付与代位权等，使读者对保险法可以得到概括的理解，有助于他们更好地从事国际商事活动和法律活动。

A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.

1海上保险合同，得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯，扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。

CAny liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of, or other person interested in or responsible for, insurable property, by r eason of maritime perils.

c保险财产的所有人或其他对其有利益或有责任的当事人由于海上风险的原因对第三方产生的任何责任。

With the increasing transportation of liquid chemicals in bulk by ships, the risk of the chemicals spill is getting higher and higher. So the reasonable numerical modeling of the spilled chemicals at sea is a key technique for the risk assessment and contingency decision-making. The sinkable chemicals spilled at sea always ended in sediment, so the design of decision-making support system for sinkable chemicals spilled shipboard have academic and applied sense.Based on the analysis for the environmental harm caused by the transportation shipboard of chemicals and research on related ordain in the international common and intestine law , the paper analysis the impelling need of establishing related respond system for contaminative accident.

随着海上液体化学品运输、中转量的不断增加，化学品泄漏风险也日益增加，对海上泄漏化学品行为进行合理、可信的数值模拟，而沉降型化学品由于最终进入沉积物而可能带来更大的潜在危险，故并在此基础上构建GIS支持下的海上溢漏事故应急决策支持系统具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。

C. State that the damage to ship,cargo or both was due to the perils of the sea.

KEY： C在公证人面前船长发布了的海事声明，其目的是声明船舶，货物或两者的损害是由于海上风险造成的。

If the carrier is at fault, he will be held responsible for the loss or damage. Is it is due to the perils of sea or maritime accidents, the insurance company shall be liable to pay.

如果过错在于承运人的话，他必须对损失或损害负责；如果是由于海上风险和事故造成，那么保险公司必须负责赔偿。

But shipping is progressing in changeful natural environment and capricious international social relations. Vessels and goods often are affected by perils of sea, politics disturbance and economic fluctuations, war and other factors.

由于航运是在多变的自然环境和变幻莫测的国际社会关系中进行的，航运船舶及其所载货物经常受海上风险、政治风波、经济波动、战争和其它因素的影响。

That is to say,the insurer is liable for all total or partial loss of or damage to the insured goods caused by natural calamities or by sea perils.

也就是说，对于自然灾害或海上风险造成的被保险货物全部损失或部分损失，保险人都负有责任赔偿。

A and the possible requirements should be met with when G.A is abolished. In Chapter 3, the Writer analyzed the basis of General Average and disclosed that the foundation of General Average has been wavered, which creates favourable condition for the abolishment of G.A, when the development of the seamanship has achievd great advances and people's capability to resist sea risks improves constantly.

在此基础之上，作者在第三章进一步分析了共同海损制度存在的前提和基础，阐述了随着航海技术的发展和人们抗御海上风险能力的增强，共同海损制度的存在基础已经发生了动摇，这为废除共同海损制度创造了条件。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。