海上运输的

Chapter Four is divided into three parts, discussing the effectuation of the contract of carriage of goods by sea, making an analysis of the formulation and effect of agent without authorization on the contract of carriage of goods by sea.

第一节论述了效力待定的海上货物运输合同，主要分析了无权代理的海上货物运输合同的形成及法律后果。

However, due to the facts that the contract of carriage of goods by sea deals with foreign and transnational matters as well as the unique characteristic that it obtains during the course of formulating, it is quite different from those common contracts on the aspects of conclusion and effectuation.

然而，由于海上货物运输合同具有极强的涉外性和跨国性，同时，海上货物运输合同的订立过程中，形成自己独特的惯例，因此，其订立和生效又有不同于普通合同的方面。

The parties of the Bill of Lading embody exception of privity of contract and this article talks on the rights and duties of the consignee and the holder of the Bill of Lading which arise from the contract of carriage of goods.

本文从国际海上货物运输合同第三人的角度，主要讨论非合同当事人的收货人和提单持有人依据提单享有的国际海上货物运输合同中的权利、义务及相关法律问题。

But the quantitative description of Characteristics of bow structures is lacking in ship collision studies. In ship collision accidents, seriously contamination of marine environment will occur due to the rupture of stuck shipside. In order to prevent such oil spill from a struck tanker, the double hull system in side hull has been recognized as an effective countermeasures.

船舶碰撞事故中，被撞油轮船侧的破裂会引起严重的海洋资源污染，于是油轮双层船壳设计成为了防止被撞油轮破损的有效措施，但是随着海上运输船舶的数目及尺度的日益增大，只对被撞船采取双层船壳的设计已经不能满足防止船侧破损的要求了。

With the increasing transportation of liquid chemicals in bulk by ships, the risk of the chemicals spill is getting higher and higher. So the reasonable numerical modeling of the spilled chemicals at sea is a key technique for the risk assessment and contingency decision-making. The sinkable chemicals spilled at sea always ended in sediment, so the design of decision-making support system for sinkable chemicals spilled shipboard have academic and applied sense.Based on the analysis for the environmental harm caused by the transportation shipboard of chemicals and research on related ordain in the international common and intestine law , the paper analysis the impelling need of establishing related respond system for contaminative accident.

随着海上液体化学品运输、中转量的不断增加，化学品泄漏风险也日益增加，对海上泄漏化学品行为进行合理、可信的数值模拟，而沉降型化学品由于最终进入沉积物而可能带来更大的潜在危险，故并在此基础上构建GIS支持下的海上溢漏事故应急决策支持系统具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。

The author, basing on the basic theories of insurable interest, studies some important theoretic questions of marine insurable interest, including what may amount to a marine insurable interest and when and to whom it should be required and how it should be recognized, transferred, terminated and classified; inquires into the insurable interest of several representative types of marine insurance contracts, including contract of marine insurance for Hulls, for the Carriage of Goods by Sea, for Freights, for Interests of Ships Mortgagees and for Liability; oppugns the provisions in insurance laws of our country on subject matter insured, double insurance and insurable interest.

为此，笔者以保险利益的基本理论为基础，对何种利益可以作为海上保险利益，具有海上保险利益的人和时间及海上保险利益应如何认定、移转、消灭和分类等一些重要理论问题进行了研究；对几种典型海上保险合同，包括船舶保险合同、海上货物运输保险合同、运费保险合同、船舶抵押权人利益保险合同及责任保险合同中的保险利益问题进行了探讨；并对我国保险立法中关于保险标的、重复保险及保险利益的规定提出了质疑。

It was brought into and carried out compulsorily by SOLAS Convention2002 amended.

笔者认为ISPS 规则是公法内容，但对私法即海上货物运输关系方的权利、义务、责任以及保险人和被保险人都会产生影响，从而影响海上货物运输业和保险业。

Chapter 3 analyses the relationship between the performing party during carriage of goods by sea and the carrier as well as the cargo owners. It shows that the performing party during carriage of goods by sea is in dual legal status, i.e. on the one hand it is the independent contractor or sub-contractor of the carrier, and on the other hand it is a tort-feasor against the cargo owners.

第3章分析了海上货物运输中的履约方与承运人以及与货方的关系，指出海上货物运输中的履约方在海上货物运输复杂的法律关系中具有双重的法律地位，一方面它与承运人之间存在一般的商业合同关系，是承运人的独立合同人或分合同人，另一方面它与货方之间存在侵权的法律关系，处于侵权行为人的法律地位。

Meanwhile, as the performing party during carriage of goods by sea performs or undertakes to perform any of the carrier"s responsibilities under a contract of carriage of goods by sea which is regulated by compulsory law, in order to maintain the legal relation"s stability in the shipping field, the performing party during carriage of goods by sea should burden some carriers legal compulsory obligations under the contract of carriage of goods by sea, which will breach the doctrine of privity of contract in the relations between it and cargo owners.

同时，由于海上货物运输中的履约方履行或承诺履行的是承运人运输合同项下的义务，而运输合同受强制法律的调整，为了维护海上货物运输法律关系的稳定，需要将承运人在运输合同项下的某些法定的权利义务赋予海上货物运输中的履约方，从而在其与货方的关系上实现了合同相对性原则的突破。

S Draft "Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of 1999"(Senate COGSA'99) was amended to a great extent ,which contains some useful Hague/Visby and Hamburg Rules provisions , but some particular provisions appear at the same time .

美国参议院1999年《海上货物运输法》草案对1936年的《海上货物运输法》在很大程度上进行了修改，包含了一些有益的海牙/维斯比规则和汉堡规则的条款，但是同时也出现了一些非常特殊的条款。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。