海上的

This paper analyses the characteristic of network for armada.Twelve factors which influence network reliability of armada are concluded.

0引言以信息化和网络化为中心的海上编队作战，已经成为现代海上作战的基本模式，多节点分布式网络化的作战系统已成为海上作战系统发展的主导方向。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

On the base of the right of subrogation in marine insurance, this paper will do the research from the point of view of action;on the base of existing stipulations and legal theories of the action of subrogation in marine insurance, maritime action and civil action, this paper will consult the foreign correlative theories;not only from the point of view of the legal theories, but also by consulting the cases and usual ways in judicature of our country, this paper will make the research more practical;this paper will also do the research by induction, organon and interests-comparing, etc.

本文将在海上保险代位求偿权制度的基础上，从诉讼角度展开较为系统的研究；在我国现有的海上保险代位求偿诉讼、海事诉讼以及民事诉讼的法律规定和法律理论的基础上，参考国外相关的法律理论，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行较为系统的研究；不仅从理论的角度，还要参考我国司法实践中的相关案例和通常做法，使得对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题的研究更贴近实务，更具有实际操作性；运用归纳、推理的逻辑方法，采用利益比较等具体方法，对海上保险代位求偿诉讼的法律问题进行了较为全面的研究。

With the increasing transportation of liquid chemicals in bulk by ships, the risk of the chemicals spill is getting higher and higher. So the reasonable numerical modeling of the spilled chemicals at sea is a key technique for the risk assessment and contingency decision-making. The sinkable chemicals spilled at sea always ended in sediment, so the design of decision-making support system for sinkable chemicals spilled shipboard have academic and applied sense.Based on the analysis for the environmental harm caused by the transportation shipboard of chemicals and research on related ordain in the international common and intestine law , the paper analysis the impelling need of establishing related respond system for contaminative accident.

随着海上液体化学品运输、中转量的不断增加，化学品泄漏风险也日益增加，对海上泄漏化学品行为进行合理、可信的数值模拟，而沉降型化学品由于最终进入沉积物而可能带来更大的潜在危险，故并在此基础上构建GIS支持下的海上溢漏事故应急决策支持系统具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。

The navies not only shoulder traditional tasks of defending their coastal line, but also bear the new missions such as protecting the maritime territory resources, engaging in maritime military contacts and exchanges, enforcing maritime law, and rendering maritime strategic deterrence.

在新的国际海洋环境下，海军的非战争行动职能大大扩展，海军不再仅仅担负着保卫海防线的传统任务，更担负着新的保护海洋国土资源、执行海上军事交往、实施海上执法、进行海上战略威慑等新任务。

The author, basing on the basic theories of insurable interest, studies some important theoretic questions of marine insurable interest, including what may amount to a marine insurable interest and when and to whom it should be required and how it should be recognized, transferred, terminated and classified; inquires into the insurable interest of several representative types of marine insurance contracts, including contract of marine insurance for Hulls, for the Carriage of Goods by Sea, for Freights, for Interests of Ships Mortgagees and for Liability; oppugns the provisions in insurance laws of our country on subject matter insured, double insurance and insurable interest.

为此，笔者以保险利益的基本理论为基础，对何种利益可以作为海上保险利益，具有海上保险利益的人和时间及海上保险利益应如何认定、移转、消灭和分类等一些重要理论问题进行了研究；对几种典型海上保险合同，包括船舶保险合同、海上货物运输保险合同、运费保险合同、船舶抵押权人利益保险合同及责任保险合同中的保险利益问题进行了探讨；并对我国保险立法中关于保险标的、重复保险及保险利益的规定提出了质疑。

Base on analysing the necessity and feasibility of cross-regional cooperation in tourism of sea silk road.

通过回顾国内海上丝绸之路旅游研究进展状况，探讨了跨区域海上丝绸之路旅游合作的必要性与可行性；在此基础上提出了海上丝绸之路旅游合作的合作方式；海丝旅游品牌的营销以及筹划制定海丝旅游合作的总体规划等对策。

The paper reviews the progress situation of domestic tourism research in Sea Silk Road.

通过回顾国内海上丝绸之路旅游研究进展状况，探讨了跨区域海上丝绸之路旅游合作的必要性与可行性；在此基础上提出了海上丝绸之路旅游合作的合作方式；海丝旅游品牌的营销以及筹划制定海丝旅游合作的总体规划等对策。

With reference to several construction exemplars of the steel boxed cofferdam s used for piers in sea, Donghai Bridge close to island side, the key points of design and construction of the cofferdams used in marine environment are presented.

结合东海大桥近岛段海上墩钢吊箱围堰的施工实例，介绍在海上施工环境中钢吊箱设计与施工要点，在没有大型吊装设备的情况下为海上进行大型吊箱围堰的施工提供施工方法和技术。

Furthermore, the lex causae should be decided by the different standard respectively but not just the lex loci delicti and law of the flag of the ship for the collision of ship, injure and death on the sea and the oil pollution, as the special connecting points may be caused.

由于海上侵权行为发生的地点不同于一般的侵权行为，因此，其法律适用也应考虑一些特殊的连结点，而且，船舶碰撞、海上人身伤亡和海上石油污染这三种海上侵权行为都可能产生自己特有的连结点，因而对每一种行为的法律适用都应采用不同的标准，而不能统一适用侵权行为地法或船旗国法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。