测量误差

A Special Maximum Likelihood method for building mathematical models in dynamic calibration is proposed, which is a kind of maximum likelihood method with a special noise model.

提出了误差估计表达式以及在带宽有限测量假设条件下，辨识离散时间模型时，采样频率的选择与模型辨识误差的关系。

Hypothesis in 0 ~ 10 speed range between 2000 and r/min speed error Δ requirement f r/min, more than 1 and measuring time, time than 100 ms t take 3 muon s acuities error Δ than eight mu t s, according to the formula (1) and (3) and assumptions, and computer programming.

假设转速范围在0～10 000 r/ min 之间，要求转速误差Δf ≤1 r/ min ，并且测量时间T ≤100 ms ，时间误差取3μs ≤ΔT ≤8μs ，根据公式(1)和(3)及假设条件，进行计算机编程求解。

According to the analysis of real pitch errors within the mechanical angle of 0°~360°, the reason that caused the bouncing pitch errors between odd sampling and even sampling is the noneffective voltage of inductosyn angular measuring system.

根据实际测量得到测角系统在0°~360°之间全部零位误差数据，分析测角系统产生奇、偶点跳跃零位误差的原因来自于感应同步器测角系统引入的非有效电势。

The errors and area limits caused by the lunar curvature were avoided in this model established under the Selenocentric Orthogonal Coordinate System, the accidental errors of exterior line elements were reduced by orbit fitting and interpolation, the polynomial orders of systematic errors in satellite orbits were decreased with their expression in the flying coordinate system moving and rotating with satellites, and the reliability of exterior orientation solution was enhanced under the condition of sparse and low accuracy control points by appending constraint of orbit and attitude parameters.

该模型通过在月心直角坐标系进行影像空中三角测量来消除月球曲率引起的误差和测图范围限制，通过轨道形状的拟合与插值来减小摄影时刻轨道位置的偶然误差，在飞行坐标系中建立轨道修正模型来减少定向参数的数目，对轨道和姿态增加约束条件来提高月面控制点数目稀少及精度低条件下外方位解算的精度与可靠性。

In the course of the research of modulation measurement based on phase shift techniques, this paper gives the programs on error margin analysis of the phase shift and the function analysis of grating, and analyzes facts that phase shift error has some effects on obtaining modulation value.

在研究基于相移技术的调制度测量原理中，编写了相移误差分析及光栅性能分析的程序，并分析了相移误差对获取调制度信息的影响。

A new method for measuring surface area of flatfishes was presented in this paper. Digital camera is used to capture digital images of flatfishes with a background of standard plotting paper, image processing softwares (Photoshop CS2 or Adobe Acrobat Professional) are used to get pixels per square centimeter and the pixels of flatfishes, then surface area of flatfishes can be calculated by these data. Compared with traditional method, results of surface area measuring of 30 turbot revealed that relative errors of Photoshop Method and Acrobat Method were －4.40% to 3.08% and －1.83% to 1.30%, respectively.

提出一种快速、准确测定鲆鲽类体表面积的新方法，利用数码相机拍照获取带有标准坐标纸背景的鲆鲽类鱼体数码图像，采用图像处理软件Photoshop CS2和Adobe Acrobat Professional分别获得单位背景面积和鱼体图像的像素数，通过两者的比例计算出体表面积。30尾大菱鲆体表面积的实测表明，与传统计数方格面积法的测量结果相比，Photoshop法相对误差为－4.40%~3.08%，Acrobat法相对误差为－

Firstly, using quadric surface to fit with given surface and calculate the error metric to identify free surface and general quadric surface.

首先用一般二次曲面方程拟合测量数据并计算曲面的拟合误差，比较拟合误差与阈值的大小来识别自由曲面和一般二次曲面。

RANDOM ERROR - the mean of a large number of measurements influenced by random error matches the true value.

随机误差－受随机分布误差影响的大量测量结果的平均值与真值的偏差。

The simulating result accorded well with experimental data at low duty cycle, but have relative bigerror at higher duty cycle.

在低占空比时，数值模拟和测量结果吻合较好；在高占空比时出现误差，而且是占空比越高误差越大。

A large number of commercial data were simulated, and the high performance of the soft-sensor is demonstrated by the fact that the maximum relative error, relative root mean square error and tracking precision are 2.68%, 0.17% and 0.9569, respectively.

针对大量工业数据，进行仿真计算，得到模型的最大相对误差、相对均方误差和跟踪性能指标分别为2.68%、0.17%和0.9569，说明该软测量模型具有良好的预测能力和跟踪性能。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。