测量误差

Finishing calculation of mean value, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis of Beta distribution.(2) Fitting parameters of many kinds of typical distribution and using residual deviation to evaluate fitting precision.(3) Using Beta distribution as an agreed indication distribution applied to many kinds of practical photoelectric measurement distributions.(4) Deriving theory formula of Bayes point estimation about Beta distribution parameters and mean value and standard deviation on the condition of mean square error loss function and supposed the prior distribution is uniform distribution.(5) Generating MCMC sample from post distribution by the method of Gibbs sample algorithm. Calculating bayes point estimation from sample on the condition of mean square error loss function. Calculating confidence interval by an approximate method to complete interval estimation.

本文的主要工作有：(1)解决了Beta分布参数a和b的精确计算以及均值、标准差、偏度、峰度的计算问题；(2)拟合出10余种典型分布的Beta分布的两个参数，并且采用剩余标准差评价该Beta分布的拟合精度；(3)对多种典型的光学与光电测量系统的测量分布进行了Beta分布统示表示；(4)在假设先验分布为均匀分布前提下，得到参数a和b以及均值μ和标准差σ在均方误差损失函数下的贝叶斯点估计理论计算公式；(5)利用直接抽样的Gibbs抽样算法，从后验分布中产生MCMC样本，从样本直接计算均方误差损失函数下的贝叶斯点估计，并使用一种近似方法计算其置信区间，完成区间估计。

According to different characteristics of CMM error distribution, single error measurement model is built by cubic spline principle and double cubic spline function.

根据三种类型三坐标测量机误差分布的特征，提出了利用三次样条原理和双三次样条函数建立测量机一维和二维相关性误差模型。

A new sequential step diagonal measurement method has been proposed based on the conventional diagonal measurement. In this method, the error in three axis directions can be divided 9 synthesis errors and they can be identified based on the values measured along four body diagonals.

通过对三个坐标轴方向的误差进行矢量分解，在现有的体对角线方法的基础上，提出了一种改进的分步体对角线测量方法，这种方法通过分步测量机床工作空间的四条体对角线可以快速获得分解后得到的9项位置误差。

In order to compensate the vacant band error automatically and timely in the real-time measurement, a method based on measuring the value of the refractive index and length of the vacant band timely is proposed.

针对目前激光外差干涉实时测量中，由于现场工作环境的限制，无法对闲区误差进行实时自动补偿的问题，提出了一种基于实时测量闲区值和折射率值的闲区误差补偿方法。

The mathematical models of the delay of the GPS signal in the circumstance are put forward respectively. The computation of orbital arc of the two satellite constellations is based on two body problem and perturbations models. An algorithm based on the IRI model and thin layer model is used to simulate the ionospheric delay of the GPS signal. The error models of observation, multipath, relativity and antenna phase center bias are also researched. Under the consideration of the autocorrelation of the electronical measurements, the autoregressive model of time series is introduced into the noise models.

在信号仿真中，研究了利用二体运动和摄动法计算LEO卫星至GPS卫星星座的几何距离的问题；在信号的误差模型中，研究了电离层时延的IRI2001模型和单层投影模型；讨论了观测误差、多径效应、相对论效应和天线相位中心偏移的误差模型；结合电子测量噪声的具有自相关特性的经验，研究了观测误差的AR模型；结合实测数据分析，讨论了接收机钟差和卫星钟差的误差建模问题。

Compared with the conventional 2-D coordinate measuring systems, the new system has great improvement at measuring speed, aiming accuracy, measuring function and degree of automation The new system consists of two parts image measuring system of displacement and image autofocusing and aiming system The displacement measuring system in which CCD camera is used for locating the optical scale not only processes the advantages of absolute code measuring system powerful noiseproof feature, good long-time stability, easily compensated ruling error of optical scale, but also has the advantages of morden numerical systems easy numeralization and intelligence The autofocusing and aiming system in which CCD camera is applied for gaining the defocusing information and edge location information of workpiece enjoys the advantages of fast autofocusing, accurate result, high accuracy of edge detection and wide range of measured parameters, etc The feasibility of the new 2-D measuring system is analyzed in this thesis and related parameters are calculated.

详细本文在分析了现有二维中小尺寸测量系统中，光学仪器的光学读数系统和调焦、瞄准系统的优缺点之后，结合现代数字化仪器的优缺点，提出研制一种新的二维图像测量机系统。与传统二维坐标测量系统相比，新型系统在测量速度、瞄准精度、测量功能及自动化程度等方面都有较大的提高。该系统由图像式位移测量系统和图像式自动调焦、瞄准系统组成。图像式位移测量系统采用CCD摄象机拾取光学线纹尺的位置信息，既具有传统光学式绝对码位移测量系统的优点—抗干扰能力强、长期稳定性好、光学标尺误差易于补偿等优点，又具有现代化数字仪器易于微机化、智能化的优点。

According to the definition of axis straightness error ,a mathematical model was developed to evaluate axis straightness error by way of least square method in the rectangular coordinates.

根据轴线直线度误差的定义，建立了在直角坐标采样时该项误差的最小二乘评定法数学模型，该模型的采样数据不需要等角度间隔采样；并用计算机进行仿真分析·结果表明，所建立的数学模型编程简单，计算出的轴线直线度误差值与真实情况的误差小于 10 -6μm·因此由本模型引入的误差可忽略不计·所建立的数学模型为研制形位误差虚拟测量系统提供了理论基础

The output power could be adjusted with the change of control voltage, and the reflecting power could be gotten by measuring the output voltage of attenuator and detector. 4.The thrust measurement device was calibrated, and the accuracy was 2%FS. At the same time the signal of thrust measurement was input to the computer. E-type chromel-constantan thermocouple was used to measure the temperature of MPT, and the accuracy was 5%FS.The vacuum measurement was realized by using ZDF-5427M vacuometer, and the accuracy was 3%FS.

4对推力测量系统进行了标定并实现了计算机采集，推力测量系统最大相对误差为2％FS；温度测量目前还只限于对MPT谐振腔壁温的测量，使用E型镍铬—康铜热电偶即可较容易实现，其测量精度为5％FS；真空测量采用ZDF-5427M微机型复合真空计，其由热偶计和热阴极电离计复合而成，该真空计测量控制精度为3％FS。

In order to resolve the practical problem about measuring hobs with bigger modulus, a new method is put forward by which the circular adjacent pitch error and accumulated pitch error of hobs can be measured on the grinder.

针对大模数滚刀测量存在的实际问题，提出一种在磨床上测量滚刀容屑槽相邻周节误差和周节累积误差的新方法，并给出了测量实例。

Survey gain through this project, analysed use double base the RTK measurement technique of station double sampling, the system that can eliminate error of fiducial station coordinate effectively to nod planar coordinate to sampling is affected, disappear weak troposphere changes to be affected to what RTK tall Cheng measures randomly, make RTK planar coordinate measures the need that one class lead measures contented city thereby, make RTK tall Cheng is measured be close to or achieve the 4 precision that wait for leveling.

通过该项目测量成果，分析了采用双基站双采样的RTK测量方法，可有效消除基准站坐标误差对采样点平面坐标的系统影响，消弱对流层随机变化对RTK高程测量的影响，从而使RTK平面坐标测量满足城市一级导线测量的需要，使RTK高程测量接近或达到四等水准测量的精度。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。