测量误差

In this paper we have point out the error of principle formula quoted by all literatures at home and abroad to measure the refractive angle and the method of V-prism, derive from beginning the right formula of measuring refractive index by the method of minimum deviation angle and the method of V-prism.

本文指出了测量光学材料折射率的最小偏向角法和V棱镜法国内外所有文献的原理公式误差，重新推导了最小偏向角法和V棱镜法测量折射率的正确公式。基于最小偏向角法用精密测角仅可以获得±3×10-6的折射率的测量精度，然而，这些文献沿用经典的测量原理公式却具有-4×10－4数量级的原理公式误差，因此导致错误的测量结果。

The method was proposed to compensate the residual cumulative error in the project, and the optical frequency multiplication effect on residual cumulative error is analyzed, and the model of laser heterodyne interferometric fast ultra-precision measurement is proposed.

为实现激光外差干涉快速超精密测量，通过分析测量棱镜三维运动对激光多普勒频移的影响，针对传统激光外差干涉测量模型存在的原理性残余累计误差，而且误差存在累计现象，提出了在工程中补偿残余累计误差的方法。

Volumetric errors under different temperature conditions are measured by the sequential step diagonal measurement method, and the variation curves of the 9 synthesis errors are obtained.

通过使用可以快速测量空间定位误差的分步体对角线测量方法，在不同的温度条件下对数控机床进行了误差的测量，得到了机床9项位置误差随温度变化的曲线。

Error compensation is the economic and effective way to improve the accuracy of Coordinate Measuring Machine.

误差补偿是提高三坐标测量机整体精度的经济而有效的手段，本文利用精度等级更高的激光干涉仪对三坐标测量机的X轴直线度误差进行了测量，并得出了初步结论，为以后进行误差补偿提供了依据。

This research process the ionosphere-free triple-differenced carrier phase observation which consist of double frequency GPS observations from the GPS receiver carried on the CHAMP and 40 IGS tracking stations. Besides, the tropospheric correction model, solid earth tide correction, mass center correction of the satellite, earth rotation correction and antenna phase center correction are incorporated. Finally, determine the satellite short-arc orbit with the pure geometry, kinematic, method.

本研究利用CHAMP卫星上装载之GPS接收器所接收之双频观测量与地面上40个IGS追踪站组成三次差分无电离层观测量，并改正观测量中之对流层误差、固体潮误差、质量中心改正、地球自转、天线相位中心偏差等误差量，以纯几何之动态法求定低轨卫星之短弧轨道位置。

This paper aims at the construction safety and work requirement of underground runnel, and integrates the new technology of modern engineering survey in order to discuss the shield tunnel survey and the underground deformation monitoring.

本文针对地铁隧道安全施工和运营需求，结合现代工程测量新技术，从理论和方法上探讨盾构隧道测量和地铁变形监测，介绍了盾构法地铁隧道贯通误差的分配特点，测距仪竖井高程传递的方法与中误差公式，推导了全站仪三维变形测量中自由设站法和附合导线法的相关误差方程式，提出了解决地铁隧道不均匀沉降的初步设想。

While this situation is inadaptable for quantified description of time error in distributed cooperative measurement,this paper,integrat...

基于此，结合误差分析理论和网络被动测量的具体特点，提出了针对单点双信道被动测量系统的一般性时钟误差概率模型，引入误差不确定度来定量描述协调测量结果的精确度和合理性。

The conditions to measure accurately and the principles to select parameters of the multi— probes EST method are proposed, and the theoretical research, computer imitation and the experiment on a machine tool prove that these principles and suggestion are necessary and effective. The influence of the initial value errors of the probes, the installation error of the probes system, and the remaining error caused by the radical error motion are analyzed quantitively on the measurement accuracy of the multi—probes EST method. The influence of the error caused by the probe's axes which is not in a plane and the perpendicularity error of the plane which the probe's axes is in to the stational axis are discussed on the measurement results.

结合理论分析，对这些EST方法进行了计算机仿真分析和研究，重点研究了这些方法的应用条件和误差分离精度，所得出的结论是：三测头法EST基本上能实现各项误差的完全分离，适于在位测量使用；二测头法在恰当地选择测头安装角的条件下，可以得到较高测量精度，适于大型零件圆度、圆柱度、径向圆跳动和全跳动的在位测量；对置两测头时域法可以在一定程度上改善单测头法测量精度，但对随机径向误差无能为力；对置两测头频域法存在严重的谐波损失。

After analyzing the performance anduncertainty of the DDPM vortex flowmeter in gas-liquid bubble flows, the vortexflowmeter-Venturi tube combinative method using the vortex flowmeter and the Venturi tube as measuring cells was put forward, the measurement model based on thevortex frequency and the Venturi differential pressure was established, and it showsthat the relative errors of this method for the mass flow measurement of bubble flowsare within±5%. Furthermore, the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubble flowswere obtained using a single DDPM vortex flowmeter through the relationshipbetween the frequency and amplitude of the circumferential DDPM signal, and resultsdemonstrate that the relative errors of the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubbleflows are within±5% and±10% respectively, which indicates the broad applicabilityof this method to large numbers of engineering fields.

通过分析管壁差压式涡街流量计在气液泡状流中的性能和不确定度，提出了以涡街流量计和文丘里管作为测量元件的&涡街—文丘里联合法&，建立了以涡街频率和文丘里差压为被测量的测量模型，该方法对气液泡状流质量流量的测量相对误差可达±5％；通过建立涡街周向管壁差压信号频率和幅度与被测流体的关系，使用单个涡街流量计实现了对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的双参数测量，该方法对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的测量相对误差分别为±5％和±10％，可以满足大量工业实际应用的要求。

The complexity of bodywork decides variety of it's error. The station and primary factor which cause error is inconstant change and using correlation analysis can find out the primary factor. With an project given, the theory of correlation analysis for dimension variation of bodywork is discussed through correlation analysis and the layer structure of the bodywork,the state in which the error happened can be found out. How to use eigenva...

车体装焊的复杂性决定了误差产生的多因素性，车体制造过程中产生误差的工位和主要因素是不断变化的，采用相关性分析方法从众多的误差根源中准确地发现最主要的误差源；结合工程实践，论述了车体尺寸波动的相关性分析方法的原理，根据测量点的相关性分析和车体焊接工艺的层次结构，可准确地找到产生车体尺寸误差的工位；讨论了如何利用相关系数矩阵的特征值和相应的特征向量判断尺寸波动的模式，指出测量数据的波动主要按最大特征值所对应的特征向量方式波动，引起这种波动的原因是车体误差产生的主要原因，应重点采取措施加以控制；提出了应用计算机进行相关性分析的解决方案。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。