测量标尺

In this article, special emphasis is laid on level survey principle: under same between forword sight and backsight staffs, height difference between two points-for- word sight and backsight h=a-b.

本文着重论述了前后视标尺根值相等的水准测量原理：（1）前后视标尺所立之间相同时，前后视两点高差为：h＝a－b。

To improve the accuracy, as to the hardware, the quality of composite polymer films and adjustment of light path were controlled strictly, including cleanout of base, synthesis of solvent, filtering of solvent, preparation of the films and control of picturing. As to the process of picturing, adding gauge, foreground and background, many exposals in same angle were used, and the area of the films to measure was also chosen. As to software, picture analysis was mainly used to improve accuracy.

为了提高测量精度，在硬件方面严格控制复合聚合物薄膜的质量和光路的调整，包括：基片的清洗、溶液的配制、溶液的过滤、薄膜的制备、和摄像的控制等等，在采集图像的过程中，通过加标尺、测量前景和背景、同一角度下的多次曝光、薄膜测量区域的选择等等措施来消除误差；在软件方面提高测量精度方法主要采用图像处理的方法，并用自编的软件处理数据。

Compared with the conventional 2-D coordinate measuring systems, the new system has great improvement at measuring speed, aiming accuracy, measuring function and degree of automation The new system consists of two parts image measuring system of displacement and image autofocusing and aiming system The displacement measuring system in which CCD camera is used for locating the optical scale not only processes the advantages of absolute code measuring system powerful noiseproof feature, good long-time stability, easily compensated ruling error of optical scale, but also has the advantages of morden numerical systems easy numeralization and intelligence The autofocusing and aiming system in which CCD camera is applied for gaining the defocusing information and edge location information of workpiece enjoys the advantages of fast autofocusing, accurate result, high accuracy of edge detection and wide range of measured parameters, etc The feasibility of the new 2-D measuring system is analyzed in this thesis and related parameters are calculated.

详细本文在分析了现有二维中小尺寸测量系统中，光学仪器的光学读数系统和调焦、瞄准系统的优缺点之后，结合现代数字化仪器的优缺点，提出研制一种新的二维图像测量机系统。与传统二维坐标测量系统相比，新型系统在测量速度、瞄准精度、测量功能及自动化程度等方面都有较大的提高。该系统由图像式位移测量系统和图像式自动调焦、瞄准系统组成。图像式位移测量系统采用CCD摄象机拾取光学线纹尺的位置信息，既具有传统光学式绝对码位移测量系统的优点—抗干扰能力强、长期稳定性好、光学标尺误差易于补偿等优点，又具有现代化数字仪器易于微机化、智能化的优点。

This paper brings up with the theory of Virtual Coordinate Measuring System. The basic theoretic models of the virtual coordinate measuring system are given. This theory of virtual coordinate measuring system makes use of the principle of Time-Space correspondence and turns the time pulses into spatial displacement. The virtual coordinate measuring system can take the place of the scale system in traditional instruments, which has the disadvantages of high cost and difficulty ofproduction.

本文同时提出并建立虚拟坐标测量系统理论；该理论从传统的测量仪器出发，将传统仪器的实物标尺系统虚拟化，克服了实物标尺系统加工制造困难，及造价高等缺点，将硬件结构简化；本文提出并建立初步的虚拟坐标测量系统模型，并在三坐标测量机上建立了一维虚拟坐标测量系统的实验模型，初步分析系统的系统误差与其随机误差源。

In order to improve the system of traditional optical lever, We use laser beam instead of the telescope and use photomask and vernier caliper instead of the scaleplate.

光杠杆系统[1 ] ，主要由光杠杆、望远镜和标尺组成，是测量微小长度变化的常用仪器。在普通物理实验中，一般用于测量杨氏模量[2 ] ，测量金属线胀系数[1 ] 等。

In order to obtain the stem diameter,height,sweep and to accelerate the automatic measurement for trees,a automatic me- asurement system is developed based on digital image processing. The measurement system mainly consists of an image capturer, a viewing angle adjustor, two calibration rods and an adjustable vertical staff and a notebook PC computer.

为了有效地测取样树的胸径、树高、冠幅等参数，促进林木测量自动化，采用数字图像处理技术开发了一套林木自动测量系统，主要包括图像摄取仪、视角调节机构、测量标尺、笔记本电脑等硬件，测量计算软件则包含平视测量、仰视测量、图像处理、参数计算和林木生长情况评价等功能模块。

Based on this idea, the author has chosen two typical loess sections of Luochuan, and Xifeng for this study, collected the successive loess columns; To probe the conditional experiments of BeO sample preparation and measurement, and improve the existing method; On the basis of the technology improvement, the author has finished 402 samples' BeO preparation and AMS measurement; Also at the same time, to separate quartz from samples at 1 cm interval for both Luochuan and Xifeng sections systematically, to carry out measurements of quartz grain-size, SUS, grey scale, carbonate content and bulk sample density; By using the grain size model, the author has set up the chronological framework for both Luochuan, and Xifeng sections and the time sequence of millennial scale abrupt climate events recorded in loess strata, and reconstructed the East Asian monsoon history over 130ka by using multi proxies; Finally, to discuss the possible mechanisms of palaeoclimatic changes tentatively.

详细地球科学的发展离不开高精度和高分辨率的研究。运用长寿命核素如〓Be作为环境过程的示踪，已成为不可替代的有效工具。本论文选择洛川、西峰两个典型的黄土剖面，连续采集柱状样；探索了BeO样品制备、测量的条件实验，改进了原有的方法，完成了402个BeO样品的制备和AMS测量；同时还系统地分离洛川、西峰剖面高分辨率（1cm）黄土、古土壤样品中的碎屑石英，测量了碎屑石英粒度，以及全样的磁化率、灰度、碳酸盐含量和容重等古气候代用指标；采用粒度年代模式建立了洛川剖面和西峰剖面的年代标尺，建立了黄土地层记录的千年尺度的气候突变事件的时间序列，多指标重建了最近130ka东亚季风变迁史；初步讨论了古气候变迁的可能机制。

A furnace equipped with a removable measuring scale in the side was applied to study on the shrinkage characteristics of semicoke/coke under gradient temperature during coking process.

利用炉侧安装了移动测量标尺的加热炉(φ150 mm×300 mm)，分别以三种加热速率(1.0℃/m in、1.5℃/m in和3.0℃/m in)及两种堆密度(880 kg/m3和1 080 kg/m3)模拟工业炼焦，研究了1 500 g的炼焦用煤在焦化过程中径向收缩与焦化时间、中心温度、焦化升温速率及梯度温度的关系。

Accordingly, undertook improvement to measurement technique and unit of feet lens group, rear sight the design is staff guage of 0.02mm mobile vertical for the least scale division value, telescopic design is collimation binoculars, face of lens of feed rod lever is 1.2362m above to rear sight distance.

因此，对测量方法和尺镜组装置进行了改进，将标尺设计为最小分度值为0.02mm移动铅直标尺，望远镜设计为准直望远镜，光杠杆镜面到标尺距离为1.2362m以上。

Since the 1990 Leica's first digital electronic level come, Leica and Zeiss have succeeded in the market of digital electronic level to achieve a level of precision ruler awarded, gauge partition, and sight reading read, data storage and processing, automated data collection, thereby reducing the level of measurement of labor intensity and improve the quality of the measurement and results.

自 19 9 0年徕卡公司第一台数字电子水准仪问世，徕卡公司和蔡司公司相继成功地将数字电子水准仪推向市场，实现了水准标尺的精密照准，标尺分划读数和视距的读取、数据储存和处理等数据采集的自动化，从而减轻了水准测量的劳动强度，提高了测量和成果质量。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。