测差

Examination found a number of major quality problems: First, part of the observed deformation and deformation measurements are not laying a solid reference point, deformation monitoring points do not comply with regulatory requirements; deformation observation, the calculation is not strictly enforce the state standards, such as the base network is not on a regular basis retest , no point will work in conjunction with the reference point for measurement, the standard of measurement stations and other allowable error overrun.

检查中发现了一些主要质量问题：一是部分变形观测与形变测量项目基准点埋设不稳固，变形监测点设置不符合规范要求；变形观测、计算未严格执行国家标准，如基准网未定期复测，未将工作基点与基准点进行联测，水准测量测站限差超限等。

Laser Doppler Velocimeter:the two times Dopper effect for the scattered light from the tracing particle, the formula of LDV, laser heterodynes measurement, dual beam differential mode, LDV signal processing, frequency shift technique and application, multi-dimension velocity measurement, LDV application while light is refracted.

三。 激光多普勒测速：运动粒子中散射光的二次多普勒效应（1），LDV基本公式(1)，光外差检测技术及其实现(1)，双光束差动模式(1)，LDV信号处理(3)，频移技术及其应用(5)，多维速度的测量(5)，有折射现象时LDV的应用(3)，LDV测量实例(1)。 LDV实验一：LDV光路实验（3） LDV实验二：LDV测水流场实验（3）四。

These changes are mainly for the following reasons: With the Earth Observatory plate movement; Earth deformation; station plumb line changes; station external conditions, weather conditions change; instruments and observer error, as well as stars form stellar declination, on their own, the annual optical aberration constant and nutation constant errors.

这种变化主要由于以下几种原因：观测站随地球板块的运动；地球形变；测站铅垂线的变化；测站的外界条件、气候条件的变化；仪器和观测者的误差以及星表的恒星赤纬、自行、周年光行差常数和章动常数的误差。

The paper analyzes the shortage of traditional roadway measuring wind method,and by theoritical calculation of measurement,the wind amount is tested,and the roadway fixed central point method of wind measurement and the roadway s average wind velocity fixed-point method of wind measurement are proposed,and which solve the problem of low wind velocity and low credibility well.

分析传统井巷测风方法的不足，并通过风量测定的理论计算和对现场风量进行实际验证，提出了井巷中心点定点测风法和井巷平均风速点定点测风法，较好地解决了当前测定风速慢、可靠性差的问题。

The principles of digital speed measurement is described first, and then according to the actuality of the gimbal servo system and the characters of DSP, the method of position difference based on DSP is applied to the servo system.

在分析了数字测速方法的原理之后，根据转台伺服系统速度检测方法的现状及DSP更适合数字化测速的特点，用DSP对目前广泛运用于转台伺服系统中的数字测速方法―位置差分法进行了实际应用，并给出了具体的软、硬件实现方法。

Stopped running in the system, the entire network piezometer head has reached the same trend, while reducing the differential pressure control valve through the opening best to maintain the original pressure has remained basically unchanged until the differential pressure control valve closed.

在系统停止运行时，整个网路的测压管水头有达到一致的趋势，而压差控制阀则通过减小开度竭力维持原有的压差基本不变，直至压差控制阀关闭。

An algorithm is developed, which verifies the estimations for unmeasurable primary outputs with errors between real-measured values and predicted values of secondary variables.

利用可测变量的实测值与预测值的差值对不可测变量估计值进行修正，构成不可测变量的预测推断控制。

The paper also discusses how to properly determine the tolerance of the longitudinal and lateral closure for the CPⅢ network by analog calculation to realize effective inspection in detecting the gross errors of field measurement in the CPⅢ network with the method of closure, then eliminates and resurveys field measurement with gross errors to improve the precision and strengthen reliability of the CPⅢ network.

通过模拟计算，确定了CPⅢ网纵横向闭合差极限误差的建议值，并据此进行CPⅢ网外业观测数据中是否含有粗差的检核。剔除并重测含有粗差的外业观测数据，可以有效提高CPⅢ网的可靠性和精度。

After analyzing the performance anduncertainty of the DDPM vortex flowmeter in gas-liquid bubble flows, the vortexflowmeter-Venturi tube combinative method using the vortex flowmeter and the Venturi tube as measuring cells was put forward, the measurement model based on thevortex frequency and the Venturi differential pressure was established, and it showsthat the relative errors of this method for the mass flow measurement of bubble flowsare within±5%. Furthermore, the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubble flowswere obtained using a single DDPM vortex flowmeter through the relationshipbetween the frequency and amplitude of the circumferential DDPM signal, and resultsdemonstrate that the relative errors of the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubbleflows are within±5% and±10% respectively, which indicates the broad applicabilityof this method to large numbers of engineering fields.

通过分析管壁差压式涡街流量计在气液泡状流中的性能和不确定度，提出了以涡街流量计和文丘里管作为测量元件的&涡街—文丘里联合法&，建立了以涡街频率和文丘里差压为被测量的测量模型，该方法对气液泡状流质量流量的测量相对误差可达±5％；通过建立涡街周向管壁差压信号频率和幅度与被测流体的关系，使用单个涡街流量计实现了对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的双参数测量，该方法对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的测量相对误差分别为±5％和±10％，可以满足大量工业实际应用的要求。

First, based on the measurements of absorption cross-section, the absorption characters of the main polluted gases in flue gas were deeply studied, and found that SO_2、 NO、 NO_2、 NH_3 had a character of approximate periods absorption at some wave band, which is a good chance of a new measurement introduced. Secondly, the factors about absorption cross-section of the gases measured, which affect on the measurement precision of DOAS, is studied deeply. The influence of pressure and temperature on absorption cross-section was given special research, and the compensated measures were given to the gases based on the character of the gases. Thirdly, in practical measurement, it must have been satisfied that the monochromator was consisted with the reference spectrum, which was based on absorption cross-section. In order to satisfy the consistency, the technique of reversion in the image was introduced, the reversions of spectrums were realized with wiener filter and noise elimination based on wavelet transform.

首先从吸收截面的测量入手，对烟气中主要的污染气体SO_2、NO、NO_2、NH_3的吸收特性进行详细研究，发现这些气体在局部区域具有准周期吸收特征，这为引入新的测量方法提供了契机；其次，对决定DOAS测量精度的被测气体吸收截面的诸多问题进行了深入研究，重点研究了压力、温度对被测气体吸收截面的影响，并针对被测气体的特征提出了相应的修正措施；再次，在实际测量中，要求所使用的光谱仪必须与以吸收截面为基础的参考光谱相匹配，为了满足匹配这一条件，文中将图像复原技术引入到光谱复原，使用维纳滤波和小波消噪实现了光谱的复原，将复原后的光谱与所使用光谱仪的仪器函数卷积，即可实现；最后，在对DOAS测量原理详细分析的基础上，对传统的最小二乘—差分吸收光谱法进行了详细的阐述，通过实验证实两点：1。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。