测差

Results showed the training effect did not reach the significant difference. However, by using SPSS for windows 10.0 software mix design two factor trends analysis at pretest, mid-test and posttest stage. Results showed the long distance group performed better than the three-point line training group in term of training effect. Indeed, the three-point line group surpassed than the control group.

结果显示，各组训效果虽未达显著差，但前测、中测及后测等据经SPSS for windows 10.0套装统计软体进混合设计二因子趋向分析，考验各组进步趋向差性后显示，远距训组在本实验的训效果的确优於三分线训组，而三分线训组的训效果又优於控制组。

In the surveys, some very closely spaced survey lines displayed remarkable differences in crustal structure. To find the reasons for the differences and to analyze the reliability of crustal structure, ocean bottom seismometer data from the west and east sides of the Dongsha Islands were reprocessed and inverted with tomography technique. The routine processing and inversion procedures include clock correction, position correction, finite-difference ray-tracing-based tomography, checkerboard test and comparison of the inverted crustal model with initial models. As a key step, we analyzed the lateral velocity resolution and smoothed out the short wavelength velocity variation which maybe most probably artifacts in the final velocity models.

在一些相隔很近的测线上，探测的深部地壳结构却相差较大，为了分析这些探测结果中差异的原因和地壳结构变化的可靠性，本文以东沙东侧海域测线和东沙西侧海域测线为例，对采集的海底地震仪记录进行了时间、位置校正和初至波走时拾取，利用有限差分地震走时层析成像进行了走时反演，获得所在剖面的地壳速度结构，并分析了模型的横向分辨率，剔除模型中短波长的横向速度变化。

A new way of distance measurement is introduced in this paper, it is similar to traditional measurement way, and has its origination. In the new measurement way, the rough measurement of the distance is realized by countering high frequency pulses filled in discriminable phase pulses. Discriminable phase pulses go through integral circuits, and then are sampled by Analogue Digital Converter, so the accurate measurement of the system is obtained by the sampling value.

本文提出了一种新的测距方法，该方法与常规相位测距仪比较，既有相似之处也有其创新之处，常规相位测距仪一般使用多波长测尺频率组合、差频数字测相的方法，本系统虽然也采用多波长测尺频率组合，但并不采用差频数字测相，该方法摒弃了传统的内外光路的切换方式及电路的混频，粗测采用对鉴相脉冲填充高频脉冲的办法实现，精测则利用鉴相脉冲对积分电路进行积分，然后由ADC 对积分电平进行转换，通过对ADC 的输出值的计算处理实现精测。

The measurement system error model analysis is introduced into power system real time network state analysis as an important part for the first time, which can improve on the state estimation quality and provide the capability to monitor the operation of the measurement system; 2. The theory and algorithm of the on-line estimation and update of measurement noise variance based on the relation between the residual variance and noise variance. The statistic properties of the sample variance are discussed and the relation between the estimation precision and sample size under given confidence level is derived; 3. The theory and algorithm of detection and identification of measurement bias are presented, which is based on the relation between residual mean and noise mean. The statistic properties of sample mean are discussed and the relation between estimation precision and sample size is derived; 4. The Givens orthogonal transformation algorithm is selected to be the essential algorithm of state estimation, the fast orthogonal transformation algorithm with damp factor and the algorithm which can handle the zero injection measurements efficiently are presented; 5. The quantity analysis theory of bad data detectivity and identifibility are presented, which describes the relation between the elements in matrix W〓 and bad data amplitude and can provide the theory base for measurement system design and valuation.

一、首次将量测系统误差模型分析做为一个环节引入电力系统实时网络状态分析中，为EMS系统增加了实时监视系统运行、修正量测系统误差模型的新功能，进一步发挥了实时网络状态分析应用软件的潜力；二、首次提出了应用样本方差在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的基本理论，讨论了样本方差的统计性质和概率分布，推导出了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的关系，给出了在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的算法；三、首次提出了应用样本均值在线检测与辨识量测偏差的基本理论，讨论了样本均值的统计性质，推导了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的基本关系，给出了在线检测与辨识量测偏差的算法；四、在状态估计算法设计中，以Givens变换算法做为基本算法，提出了快速正交变换阻尼因子法和可以有效地处理零注入量测的混合法，并对实时应用中的一些问题进行了讨论；五、提出了不良数据可检测性与可辨识性的定量分析理论，揭示了描述量测系统配置、网络结构与参数的残差灵敏度矩阵中的元素与不良数据的幅值在可检测、可辨识能力上的定量关系，为量测系统配置设计与评价提供了理论基础；六、综合国内外最新研究成果，采用自适应自回归预测技术和稀疏矢量技术，构造了较完善的不良数据检测与辨识算法。

By adjustment processing and statistical analysis for the observations of gravity differences, it is indicate that the accuracy of gravity differences observed with 2-4 quartz spring gravimeters (Worden CG_2) can reach 10-20 10~(-8m/sec~2 for gravity networks and 25 10~(-8m/sec~2 for a line.

通过对观测段差的平差处理和统计分析，表明用2-4台Worden、CG_2重力仪进行重复测量的段差精度：测网可达10-2010~(-8米/秒~2，独立测线可达2510~

On the foundation of standard UKF algorithm, the ratio of the theoretical value to the practical ones of the innovation's covariance was taken as the input of the FLAC to reduce the dependency of FLAC on the filter model, the generality of the fussy adaptive UKF algorithm was intensified; In the procedure of adjusting the measurement noise's covariance dynamically, the adjusted range could be amplified or minified to different extent by setting the exponential adjusting parameter, so the adjusting velocity and precision of the algorithm was controlled.

在标准的非线性UKF算法基础上，以残差的实际方差与理论方差的比值作为FLAC的输入，使FLAC对滤波模型的依赖性减弱，强化了模糊自适应UKF方法的通用性；在对量测噪声方差阵进行动态调节的过程中，通过设置指数调节参数可不同程度地放大或缩小调节的幅度，使算法的调节速度和精度得到控制。

The equation of ESCDAC is presented. Secondly, Based on this equation and the independent characteristic of observation valves, the ESR of the azimuth measurement error is presented by full - difference of the measurement equation which acts as the precision of ESCDAC.

然后以该方程为基础，根据该方程中各个观测量相互独立的特点，方位测量误差的均方根值可由测向方程的全微分求得，并将其作为电扫描恒差比幅测向的精度，由该精度公式可以看出，电扫描恒差比幅测向有很高的精度，并且在不同的角度上，其精度保持稳定。

Methods In the conventional internal quality control in the control specimens after the test day, a specimen which total protein result was 60-80 gL^(-1), and albumin result was 30-50 gL^(-1) was selected from the first ten specimens every day, the specimen's TP and ALB results were retested after 3 hours. The difference between the two test results and the difference of the standard deviation were calculated every day for 40 days. Extreme difference quality control chart was established by control limits of range which was calculated by the standard deviation.

在常规室内质控在控后开始检测标本，每天从前10份标本中选出1份总蛋白60~80 gL^(-1)、白蛋白30~50 gL^(-1)的标本，3 h后再重测1次该标本的TP、ALB，每天计算2次测定结果的差值和差值的标准差，连续40个工作日，利用标准差计算双份测定极差的控制限，建立极差型质控图。

From 1973 to present, 8 satellites with 9 altimeters are launched, and many millions of altimetry measurements have been gathered and many characteristics of the sea surface have been investigated in these missions.

本文研究的主要目的和内容是系统地总结卫星测高技术的发展历史、应用及前景；制定测高数据的编辑准则和改善各种地球物理改正的精度；研究区域交叉点平差方法以进一步提高 Geosat 、 ERS-1和 ERS-2的径向轨道精度；完善由多种测高数据建立全球平均海面高模型的理论与方法，进而建立全球海面高模型；总结并研究利用测高数据恢复海洋重力场和分离海面地形的方法，确定中国海域的重力场；探讨海陆大地水准面拼接的问题，实现中国海陆大地水准面的拼接。

In chapter three the performance and structure of components of oxygen probe were especially investigated. The Cr-Cr〓O〓 powder was overcome by treatments. The reason of occurrence of thermal peaks on the EMF curves was explained. A water glass based cement which high temperature insulation was around 10MΩ within 10 seconds at 1600℃ was developed for the use of oxygen probe. The effects of tip end thickness of ZrO〓 tube and amount of reference electrode on response time and thermal equilibrium in oxygen probe were investigated. The optimum tip end thickness of ZrO〓 tube and amount of reference electrode addition were determined. It is found that the heat transfer in oxygen galvanic cell is the rate limiting-step in the response process. The national oxygen probe WOS Ⅱ type was designed and manufactured. By three batches of industrial tests its specification reached the level of American Celox Ⅱ type oxygen probe.

在第三章中分别从参比电极、高温绝缘水泥、插接件等组元入手，着重分析了其性能和结构，开发出了适合于钢液定氧用的Cr-Cr〓O〓参比电极，解决了Cr-Cr〓O〓参比电极高温产生收缩问题，解释了电动势曲线产生峰值的原因；开发了适合于定氧测头使用的水玻璃基耐火水泥，其高温绝缘电阻在1600℃，10秒以内为10MΩ左右；同时对ZrO〓管头部厚度、参比电极量对响应时间的影响以及定氧测头中的热平衡进行了研究，得出了合适的ZrO〓管头部厚度和参比电极加入量，确定了氧浓差电池中的传热是响应过程的限速步骤；设计制造了国产WOSⅡ型定氧测头，进行了三次现场定氧测试，其技术指标达到了美国Celox型定氧测头的水平。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐