测向

The DTM for automatic-design of thruway was put forward by Prof. Miller in 1956. Since then , the DEM is used for design of various circuit diagram, and for account of area, cubage, gradient of various project, and for estimating visibility from point to point; for rendering contour, grade-graph, aspect-graph, solid model; for making orthographic image and repair map in the Topography; for assistant data to classify in the Remote Sensing; as basic data in the GIS, for analysis and layout actuality of using soil, for disaster prediction; for navigation, guiding missile in the military affairs.

美国麻省理工学院Miller教授为了高速公路的自动设计于1956年提出了数字地面模型的概念后，DEM被用于各种线路的设计及各种工程的面积、体积、坡度的计算，任意两点间可视性判断及绘制任意断面图；在测绘中被用于绘制等高线、坡度坡向图、立体透视图，制作正射影像图与地图的修测；在遥感中可作为分类的辅助数据；它是地理信息系统的基础数据，可用于土地利用现状的分析、合理规划及洪水险情预报等；在军事上可用于导航及导弹制导；在工业上可利用数字表面模型DSM或数字物体模型绘制出表面结构复杂的物体的形状[2]。

According to the isotopic dating,it was emplaced into the active continental margin in Permian,which was resulted from the eastward subduction of the Tethys sea.

结合同位素测年结果及其它地质事件，确定是在二叠纪侵位于活动陆缘，是区内古特提斯洋向东俯冲消减作用的产物。

Based on the optoelectronic inspecting technology, the chinks between knife edge and the generatrices of measured part were measured by the laser scanned inspecting system and using the rotating and axial feed servo systems, and the non contact automatic measurement of straightness error was realized.

基于光电检测技术，利用回转和轴向进给伺服系统，通过激光扫描检测系统测量刀口尺与被测零件素线之间的间隙，实现了对直线度误差的非接触自动测量。

The paper also discusses how to properly determine the tolerance of the longitudinal and lateral closure for the CPⅢ network by analog calculation to realize effective inspection in detecting the gross errors of field measurement in the CPⅢ network with the method of closure, then eliminates and resurveys field measurement with gross errors to improve the precision and strengthen reliability of the CPⅢ network.

通过模拟计算，确定了CPⅢ网纵横向闭合差极限误差的建议值，并据此进行CPⅢ网外业观测数据中是否含有粗差的检核。剔除并重测含有粗差的外业观测数据，可以有效提高CPⅢ网的可靠性和精度。

Generally the horizontal motions have same direction as the Pacific plate subducting to the southeast.

从东海岸到西海岸，测站水平速度存在明显的梯度衰减特征，水平运动方向与太平洋板块向西北的俯冲方向基本一致。

It is introduced that with two total station instrument s after transforming to set up the station arbitrarily,the deduction for formula and the calculation for error are made to evaluate the differences in elevation with the subtending measurement of trigonometric leveling.

介绍了用两台改造后的全站仪任意置站的方法进行三角高程对向测量求取高差的公式推导和误差计算，论述了用三角高程测量代替二、三等水准测量的可行方法，测量时不必量取仪器高、目标高，减少了三角高程的误差来源，加快了施测速度。

It is introduced that with two total station instruments after transforming to set up the station arbitrarily,the deduction for formula and the calculation for error are made to evaluate the differences in elevation with the subtending measurement of trigonometric leveling .

介绍了用两台改造后的全站仪任意置站的方法进行三角高程对向测量求取高差的公式推导和误差计算，论述了用三角高程测量代替二、三等水准测量的可行方法，测量时不必量取仪器高、目标高，减少了三角高程的误差来源，加快了施测速度。

Based on the same atmosphere refraction coefficient of toward and return surveying, simultaneous subtending surveying data are used to inverse atmosphere refraction coefficient of the whole day, and to correct real-time surveying data, which helps to increase surveying efficiency and reliability.

以往返测大气折光系数相同为前提，利用这种同时对向观测高差数据反算统计出一天各时刻的大气折光系数均值，对实时的监测数据进行改正，提高了测量速度与可靠性。

This text introduces the work principle of the method of controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics, analies the effect of this method in detecting buried fault in coal mine, And the means of field exploration in a coal mine in Shanxi solves the problems in design and production of coal mines and, proves that the advance forecast of such method in detecting buried fault in coal mine is reliable.

本文介绍了可控源音频大地电磁测深法的工作原理，并对隐伏断层的电性特征进行了正演计算。通过在山西某煤矿的实地探测分析可知，隐伏正断层的异常表现一般为横向电阻率等值线发生错断、并伴有同向扭曲现象，有比较明显的密集梯度带。

After analyzing the performance anduncertainty of the DDPM vortex flowmeter in gas-liquid bubble flows, the vortexflowmeter-Venturi tube combinative method using the vortex flowmeter and the Venturi tube as measuring cells was put forward, the measurement model based on thevortex frequency and the Venturi differential pressure was established, and it showsthat the relative errors of this method for the mass flow measurement of bubble flowsare within±5%. Furthermore, the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubble flowswere obtained using a single DDPM vortex flowmeter through the relationshipbetween the frequency and amplitude of the circumferential DDPM signal, and resultsdemonstrate that the relative errors of the flowrate and volume void fraction of bubbleflows are within±5% and±10% respectively, which indicates the broad applicabilityof this method to large numbers of engineering fields.

通过分析管壁差压式涡街流量计在气液泡状流中的性能和不确定度，提出了以涡街流量计和文丘里管作为测量元件的&涡街—文丘里联合法&，建立了以涡街频率和文丘里差压为被测量的测量模型，该方法对气液泡状流质量流量的测量相对误差可达±5％；通过建立涡街周向管壁差压信号频率和幅度与被测流体的关系，使用单个涡街流量计实现了对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的双参数测量，该方法对气液泡状流流量和体积含气率的测量相对误差分别为±5％和±10％，可以满足大量工业实际应用的要求。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。