浅层

Combined with the KBE-Based design of Turbo Expansion Engine, the acquisition, classi- fication, deduction and application about the knowledge was introduced on the theory of general knowledge database.

结合基于KBE的透平膨胀机设计，以广义知识库概念为理论基础，阐述了设计中知识的获取、分类到推理、应用等一系列过程的工作，分析了建立的深层和浅层知识系统，在传统知识工程的基础上，提出了将广义知识库与大型CAD软件知识熔接工具相结合的设计框架。

A 2D two phase horizontal fracture model was established when studying hydraulic fractures for the requirement of shallow reservoir stimulation in this block; and a 3D two phase model has been built for numerical simulation of a reservoir with five-spot pattern without considering vertical fracture flow. The impacts of horizontal fracture half length and flow conductivity on recovery factor and ultimate recovery factor are studied for some certain injection and production conditions. The parameters of hydraulic fracturing are optimized.

根据该区块浅层油层改造的实际需要，研究水力裂缝时建立两维两相的水平裂缝模型，不考虑裂缝垂直方向上流动，建立了五点井网条件下三维两相油藏数值模拟模型，研究了水平裂缝半长和导流能力对油井产量、注采条件下的采收率和最终采收率等指标的影响，优化了水平裂缝参数。

Both properties and existing problems of the conventional fracturing fluids were described in this paper, and a new water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid was developed according to the properties of strong water sensitive and low pressured reservoirs of Gars oil field, Qinghai Province.

本文介绍了常规压裂液的特点和存在的问题，针对青海尕斯油田中浅层油藏强水敏、低压的特征，研制出了一种新型的油包水乳化压裂液体系。

In terms of the water-in-oil emulsion theory, emulsion materials, emulsion methods, main additives and the volume ratio of oil and water were selected and then a basic formulation of the water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid was screened out. On the base of it above, the optimal formulation was optimized following the properties of reservoirs of Gars oil field, Qinghai Province and the performance of it was evaluated referring to SY/T5107-95. In the end of this paper, a idea of job design and technologies of fracturing optimize of the water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid were put forward.

论文首先从油包水乳化液的理论研究入手，通过对乳化材料、乳化方法的评选以及乳化剂、稠化剂、破乳剂、助排剂等添加剂和油水体积比的评选实验，筛选出了基本满足要求的油包水乳化压裂液配方体系：在此基础上，根据青海尕斯油田中浅层油藏的特征，进一步优化出符合该油藏条件的最佳配方压裂液体系，并参照石油与天然气行业标准SY/T5107-95对该配方油包水乳化压裂液进行了性能评价：最后提出了可行的油包水乳化压裂液施工设计思路及相应的压裂优化技术。

All the test results showed that this water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid posseses such advantages as good themal stability, good shearing stability, low filter loss, low hurt, good restrainting the inflation of clay material, easy breaking of emulsion and flowback and so on, and then it can replace the conventional oil base gel and be used in fracturing the low pressured and strong water sensitive reservoirs of Gars oil field, Qinghai Province.

研究结果表明，该油包水乳化压裂液具有热稳定性好、耐剪切、低滤失、低伤害、能够较好的抑制粘土水化膨胀以及易破乳返排等优点，可以代替常规油基冻胶压裂液用于尕斯油田中浅层强水敏、低压油藏的压裂改造。

Huangqiao carbon dioxide gas field in North Jiangsu Basin have the following characteristics: deep gas fields are associated with shallow ones, marine gas fields are coupled with continental ones, and several gas reservoirs are combined. Carbon dioxide in Huangqiao area mainly comes from deep mantle, mixed with a little thermal metamorphism and a little organic carbon dioxide in shallow formation, and helium and nitrogen gas mainly come from mantle. There is a good time\|space matching relationship between carbon dioxide gas reservoirs and great rifts, magma and volcano activity, which forms the special carbon dioxide gas reservoir mode for Huangqiao. This mode has good sealing, trapping and preserving conditions, but its gas source differs from traditional hydrocarbon gas reservoirs.

苏北盆地黄桥CO2气田具有深部气田与浅部气田、海相气田与陆相气田匹配组合互成一体、多个气藏组合分布的特点，其CO2主要以深部幔源成因为主，浅层混有部分热变质成因和少量有机成因CO2，氦气和氮气主要为幔源成因，而且，黄桥地区CO2气藏的发育与深大断裂和岩浆火山活动具有很好的时空配置关系，形成了独特的&黄桥式&CO2气成藏模式，并具备良好的储盖圈保条件。

Bone graftings were made in 7 cases of bone defect and there were 4 cases of bad reduction,1 case occurred again in the end plate fractures,5 cases of nail removed difficulties,shallow incision had infection in 3 cases and healed by applying antibiotic medication to extend the time for 10～14 days.

结果 所有病例随访13～18个月，平均15.6个月，骨折均愈合，无内固定失效，7 例因骨缺损植骨，4 例复位不良，1 例在钢板端发生再骨折，5 例取钉困难，3 例有切口浅层感染，延长抗生素用药时间10～14 d，均正常愈合。

By means of the original research work , Systematically analysing western country banking management pattern evolution course and the pattern history evolution is operated to the banking of our country , The course was analysed the proof to propose our country hanking trade already harracks through the branch and was all along confuseed the tendency that the barracks transforms already , Moreover propose product design and the organization pattern that the barracks was confuseed already to our country banking .

通过本文的研究工作，系统地分析了西方国家金融经营模式的演变历程，在对大量史实进行分析的基础上，抽象出金融混业经营发展所应具备的供需条件和理论支撑，归纳出混业经营的发展轨迹是一个由初级阶段向高级阶段、由浅层向深层渗透的渐进过程。

With the sludge thickness surveying of the water intake of the second period construction of Manwan hydropower plant as the back ground,the paper analyzed what should be considered in the hypocentre and the hydrophone of the surveying system and how to get the high resolusion picture in surveying the sludge thickness of the water intake of hydropower plant by shallow earthquake reflection shooting.

结合漫湾电站二期进水口淤泥厚度测量，分析了利用浅层地震反射波法探测水电站进水口淤泥厚度的过程，以及测量系统设计中需考虑的震源及拾震问题和图像分辨率问题。

Up to date the reserves discovered at shallow targ ets has exceeded 70% of total in Bohai Sea.Neotectonismis chara cterized by:(1)different Q and N center of subsidence,and angular unconformity b etween Q and N;(2)basalt effusion and magma activities frequently;(3)regular dis tribution of earthquake center;(4)intensive later faults (15-2Ma)forming multit ude anticiline in Nm-Ng formations.

目前浅层的油气储量占总储量的70%以上，这是由于海域新构造运动控制了晚期成藏，表现为：第四纪沉降中心与Nm晚期沉降中心不吻合，使得Q与N之间地层呈角度不整合；玄武岩喷发及岩浆活动频繁；沿渤南及郯庐断裂带天然地震震中有规律分布，晚期(15～2Ma)断裂极其发育，在Nm—Ng组地层内形成众多的背斜圈闭。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。