流行病学的

Grant, chief of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry at the U.S.

美国全国酗酒和酒精中毒研究所流行病和生物计量学实验室主任、领衔该研究的Bridget F。

Both the medical field and the DOH misconceive the prevention and treatment issue; misunderstand the cost/benefit ratio of epidemiological studies on clinical trials, neglect the reminding of women掇 organization; bypass the study of gender analysis and women掇 health; lack the monitoring of the medical ethic, and neglect its basic duty.

本文以历史脉络厘清为何在2002年七月美国国家卫生研究院会停止原本预定十三年目前才进行到第八年的长期追踪研究，表示美国公共卫生与医学界对HRT药物实验的认真与用心，强调药物只适合用於短期治疗而非长期预防用，也看到民间妇女团体和女性主义学者在监督药物不使之滥用的贡献；以此反观国内反应，显示出我国医界或部分卫生署官员对公共卫生流行病学调查的不了解，对相对风险观念的不明白，以及对预防医学的误解，对健康促进的不重视，对妇女团体的排斥，对性别分析和妇女健康的忽视，更缺少药物伦理的监督，也轻忽卫生署应有的职责。

It is shown that G gene has the highest speed during the evolution and has uniqueinquilinous body in order to escape immune pressure from inquilinous body byanalyzing phylogenic trees of five genes in the whole genome. In the evolution of Ggene, DRV and MRV are in different groups. DRV, Chinese vaccine isolated used inhuman and Japanese vaccine isolated used in human are in the same group. MRV,CVS and street viruses isolated from dogs are in the some group. It is shown thatDRV is vaccine isolated compared with phylogenic trees of other genes, and it istestified previous conclusion that unqualified vaccine used for human was used nearthe infected beer cote resulted in spotted deer infected.

对狂犬病毒基因组5个基因的分子进化树分析表明，为了逃避宿主的免疫压力，G基因的进化最快速，而且具有宿主的特异性，在G基因的进化中，DRV和MRV分别位于不同的组群，DRV与中国人用疫苗株和日本疫苗株在一个组群，MRV与CVS以及犬脑分离的街毒归在一个组群，结合其他基因的进化树表明，DRV与疫苗株具有较近的亲缘关系，从分子水平验证了以前对DRV流行病学调查得出的推测，在狂犬病疫情发生的鹿场附近曾使用过人用狂犬病疫苗，导致梅花鹿感染狂犬病毒。

In the article, we took part sample out of 158 patients to exam the expression level of Bcl-2 and Fas in myasthenic thymus tissue, and to find the role of which in whole pathogenesis. we also try to find the role of neopterin and sIL-2R through examing the concentration of neopterin and sIL-2R in peripheral blood of 26 MG patients. Material and methods1.select of case: to choose 158 patients who wear followed up from 1988 to 2002 after operation. All patients were diagnosed as MG, and treated with same medical cure during period of preoperation and post operation. 2.Collectionofdata:.To collect all data through designing a uniform follow-up table for thymectomized patients ,and to analysis the effect of factors including age, gender, disease duration of preoperation, clinic types and pathological types to prognosis at three follow-up period?

本文拟在对全组病例的远期预后进行流行病学统计分析的基础上，通过抽取一定量样本，研究重症肌无力患者胸腺组织中伽 12、Fas的异常表达及生发中心的形成在重症肌无力发病机制中可能的作用，以及它们对胸腺切除术后远期预后的影响；与之相似，通过检测部分样本外周血清中新碟吟和可溶性IL－2受体的浓度及其与正常对照组的差异，以期推测两者在重症肌无力起病及病情进展中的作用和意义，并分析其对胸腺切除术后远期预后的影响。

And countries was 5. 4%. And the control rate was 2. 9%, in which that in cities was 4. 2% and countries was only 0.9%. From these data we knowed that three rate of hypertension very low. The traditonal risk factors of cardiovascular diseases including overweigh, fat, alcohol, high salt intake, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia of cardiovascular diseases and low animal protein intake have been known, but these factors only explained half of cardiovascular diseases. So, it is necessary to find out and recognize the new risk factors.

心血管疾病的传统危险因素（体重超重和肥胖、饮酒、膳食高盐、低钾、低钙、低动物蛋白质）已经早已被认识，在不同的地区和不同的人群也进行了样本量不同大小的流行病学研究和基础研究，但研究表明传统的危险因素只能解释50％的心血管疾病，仍有50％的心血管疾病不能用传统的危险因素来解释，因此有必要认识和寻找新的危险因素。

The people bin Laden believed deserved to die just because they were Americans included a career diplomat I had met twice and his son; a woman who had just spent her vacation caring for her aged parents; an Indian-born foreign service officer who had traveled the world working for her adopted country; an epidemiologist working to save African children from disease and death; a mother of three small children; a proud new grandmother; an accomplished jazz musician with a day job in the foreign service; an embassy administrator who had married a Kenyan; and three sergeants, one each in the army, the air force, and the Marine Corps.

本·拉登认为这些人该死，原因只不过他们是美国人，包括一位我见过两次的职业外交官和他的儿子；一位正在休假中照料年老父母的女子；一位印度出生的使馆官员，她周游世界，为收养了她的这个国家工作；一位正在挽救非洲儿童免于疾病和死亡的流行病学专家；一位有三个小孩的母亲；一位自豪的刚成为奶奶的妇女；一位白天为驻外办事处工作的有造诣的爵士音乐家；一位同肯尼亚人结婚的使馆行政人员；三位军士，分属陆军、空军和海军陆战队。

Besides, I also surely know that just professional skills are not enough for being a good doctor. Hence, I attend the basic scientific research of preclinical medical college, the epidemiological investigation of public health college and the clinical scientific research of clinic college,from which I possess of some experimental skill such as CELL CULTER , PCR , Western blotting and so on.Above all,these experience cultivate my ability of designing the experiment and enforcing the experiment,which help me complete my research.

做为一名七年制的学生，学校对我们的要求是&临床技能和科研能力同等重要&因此在进行临床技能培养的同时，我先后参加过我校基础医学院的基础科研实践、公共卫生学院的流行病学调查实习，及临床学院的临床科研实践，让我熟练掌握了细胞培养、 PCR 、 Western blotting 等分子生物学技术；最重要的是，这些实践经验培养了我独立完成从研究课题的设计到实验方案的实施能力，帮助我顺利的完成了我在硕士期间的科研项目。

Reveal the characteristics and regular pattern of its epidemic.①Investigated the epidemiological history of 448 clinical confirmed SARS cases, drawing the map of coming places of primary cases and whereabouts of the secondary cases, clarify the reasons of SARS inputting and spreading.②Exploring transmission relationship between cases by drawing the chain-map and learning the main transmission process.③Selecting the chain-cases with the exact onset and contact time to calculating the average incubation of same generation cases on different transmission chains and the average incubation of different generation cases on same transmission chain, Calculating the incubation median, the fifth percentile and the ninety-fifth percentile of the incubation of the observed cases.④Analyzing the timeliness of admission and the treating condition through the statistical calculation of the onset time, the admission time, the hospitalization time as well as the diagnostic time of the suspect and clinical confirmed cases.

调查全省448例SARS临床确诊病例的流行病学史，绘制全省输入SARS原代病例的主要来源以及引起传播后被感染者的去向图，阐明SARS病例的输入与扩散原因；②用传播链图分析传播关系，了解SARS的主要传播过程；③选择SARS原代病例与续发病例接触日期、发病日期明确而完整的传播链病例计算不同传播链同一代之间以及同一传播链不同代之间的平均潜伏期，并计算观察病例潜伏期的中位数以及第5、第95百分位数，确定SARS的最短潜伏期和最长潜伏期；④对患者发病、就诊、住院时间以及医院诊断为SARS可疑病例、临床确诊病例的时间进行统计，分析SARS就诊的及时性以及临床诊治情况；⑤计算不同接触方式、关系密切程度传播SARS的危险度，筛选形成传播的主要危险因素；⑥检测不同人群和同一人群不同时间的SARS血清抗体，了解抗体的阳转时间和持续时间。

The main results are:(1) The cumulate cause-effects model was demonstrated at both macro and micro level data. The problem of data fitting of hypertension prevalence data was solved well enough with the cumulate cause-effects model. The parameters of the model were meaningful for the practice.(2) Taking the hypertension developing speed as an indicator of health equality of hypertension between urban and rural residents in China and discovered the macro level determinants of it.(3) The causal network was testified by the structure equation model.(4) It is found that the major determinants of hypertension prevalence in China is population ageing, overweight, lifestyle changing due to high economic developing speed and the lagging behind of health education.

主要的研究成果有：(1)首次观测到我国高血压的患病率曲线符合累积风险效应模型，解决了高血压患病率资料数据拟合中长期存在的方法学问题，并对模型中参数的实际流行病学意义给出了合理的解释，能够对疾病的发病率进行间接的估计；(2)提出了用高血压的发展速度作为衡量我国城乡高血压造成的健康不平等的重要指标，解决了我国高血压患病率评价中长期存在的一些错误性认识，揭示了我国高血压城乡发展不平衡的宏观决定因素；(3)利用结构方程模型对构建的网络模型进行拟合分析，证明了模型的有效性；(4)揭示了目前影响我国高血压发展趋势的决定因素，主要包括人口老龄化趋势加剧、超重人口比例增加、经济的快速发展带来生活方式的转变和健康教育的相对滞后等几个方面。

"Epidemiological studies hae shown a temporal and geographic ariability in the occurrence of RA in dierse populations," Dr. Oili Kaipiainen-Seppanen and colleagues from Kuopio Uniersity Hospital, Finland, write."The annual incidence lies between 25 and 50/100,000 in most Western populations."

&流行病学研究表明在不同的人群中RA的发病率有暂时的和地理性的差异，&Oili Kaipianen-Seppanen博士和他的来自芬兰Kuopio大学附属医院的的同伴写道：&在大部分西方人群中每年的发病率都在25/1000000到50/100000之间。&

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。