流行病学的

The former hypothesis is mainly based on mathematical linear extrapolation from effects observed by high doses. This notion advocates the linear assumption of radiation risk and that there is no lower limit to the amount of radiation that causes short- or long-term damage. The latter is the countervailing hypothesis-radiation hormesis.

前者主要依据高辐射剂量效应的观察，用数学线性补插法来求低剂量之效应，主张：辐射剂量会造成短或长期的伤害，且无低限值的；后者的证明来自於广泛的流行病学观察和实验研究的科学资料，这些证明指出辐射对人的伤害有确定的阀值剂量。

The investigation provides epidemiologic evidence for researches on mechanism of presbycusis, especially on susceptibility genes and longevity genes.

社会福利院60岁以上的老人相对集中，听力残疾发生率较高，这是老年性聋发生的一个缩影，应引起全社会对老年人的听力保护和康复的重视；老年听力残疾人中男性比女性多，而未定等级的10例中，女性又较男性多，这又为研究老年性聋发生机理，特别是易感基因或长寿基因的研究提供了流行病学调查的依据。

The pathological sectiont exanina-tion of the upper parts of tibiae of 180 big rats which were seperated into therr groups and recived threekind of "training" as well as the observation under electron microscope showed a higher rate of accomplish...

对1129名新兵12周基础训练的前瞻性流行病学调查证实，下肢长管状骨经历约9周的应力性塑形改建期，训练的第2、7周出现的应力性骨折高发的双峰现象可随训练强度与时限的加大或减少，而提前或延迟出现。

Second, research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive. Numerous clinical studies have shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss.

第一，已出版的关于含糖饮料摄入与肥胖的流行病学研究重新评定表明：大多数这种研究要么是横断面调查要么是基于目前这种趋势的一种被动性的监测，因而研究也存在着允许两者因果关系不成立情况；第二，关于不同类型饮料和固体食物短期内谁更能使人觉得饱胀能力的比较调查还没有结果。

First , a reevaluation of published epidemiologic studies of consumption of sweetened beverages and overweight shows that most such studies either are cross-sectional or are based on passive surveillance of temporal trends and thus permit no conclusions about causal links . Second , research evidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusive .

第一，已出版的关于含糖饮料摄入与肥胖的流行病学研究重新评定表明：大多数这种研究要么是横断面调查要么是基于目前这种趋势的一种被动性的监测，因而研究也存在着允许两者因果关系不成立情况；第二，关于不同类型饮料和固体食物短期内谁更能使人觉得饱胀能力的比较调查还没有结果。

Second, research eidence comparing the short-term satiating power of different types of liquids and of solids remains inconclusie. Numerous clinical studies hae shown that sugar-containing liquids, when consumed in place of usual meals, can lead to a significant and sustained weight loss.

第一，已出版的关于含糖饮料摄入与肥胖的流行病学研究重新评定表明：大多数这种研究要么是横断面调查要么是基于目前这种趋势的一种被动性的监测，因而研究也存在着允许两者因果关系不成立情况；第二，关于不同类型饮料和固体食物短期内谁更能使人觉得饱胀能力的比较调查还没有结果。

Because a study led by a team of Johns Hopkins scientists finds that tailgating such feathered cargo can significantly increase your exposure to poultry-borne bacteria. The report appeared in the very first issue of "The Journal of Infection and Public Health," which will publish research on the epidemiology, prevention and control of infectious disease.

霍普金斯大学的一个科学家小组通过一项研究发现在满载家禽的货车后面行驶能显著地增加暴露于家禽携带的细菌的可能性该项研究正好发表在第一期的《传染和公共健康杂志》（The Journal of Infection and Public Health）该杂志发表有关流行病学、传染病的预防和控制方面的研究工作

in 2950 subjects,including 1472 hbsag positive patients and 1478 hbsag negative control, all of them were obversved in 10 years and the standardized mortality ratio of primary carcinoma of liver were calculated in each group.results:①in hbsag positive groups,the smr were 8.85 in men and 12.50 in women,in hbsag negative groups, the smr were 2.87 in men and 3.40 in women, there were significant difference among different groups;②the trend of correlation between hbsag and primary carcinoma of liver were alike in 5 years before and after;③there were not any significant difference observed about the smr of carcinoma ventriculi and esophagus cancer in different groups.

采用前瞻性研究，自1996年7月起对观察对象随访10年，其中hbsag阳性者1472例，阴性者1478例，于2006年10月用流行病学方法分析各种标化死亡比等观察结果。结果：①hbsag阳性组的肝癌标化死亡比男、女分别为8.85与12.50，hbsag阴性组的肝癌smr分别为2.87与3.47，两组之间差异显著；②hbsag与肝癌的关系在前后5年的趋势相似；③hbsag阴性和阳性组的胃癌及食道癌的标化死亡率无统计学差异。

Copper-bearing IUD is more effective for contraception.

国内关于IUD的报道很多，但主要集中在IUD的有效性、安全性的比较研究及新型IUD的研制上[1] ，大规模IUD使用的流行病学调查相对缺乏，特别是在惰性IUD向活性IUD的转换时期，为此，笔者对四川省近年来IUD使用状况及使用中存在的问题进行了调查。1 对象与方法调查采取分层整群随机抽样方法，将全省

Methods: Cervical swabs taken from 98 sex workers, 261 gynecological physical check-up clients and 599 sexual transmitted infections clinic female outpatients were cultured using commercial selective medium. Some positive cultures were further, biotyped and serotyped by PCR. Cervical or urethral swabs taken from 80 sexual transmitted infections clinic outpatients were cultured.

对98例卖淫妇女、261例妇科体检病人以及599例性病门诊女性患者的宫颈涂片进行解脲脲原体的培养，部分培养阳性的标本用PCR的方法进行Uu生物分群，对生物1群阳性的标本进一步区分血清型，并对该流行病学资料进行了统计学分析。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。