流行病学

Epidemiological data going back over a hundred years show that influenza pandemics occur about every 30 years.

近百年的流行病学数据显示，流感大流行大约每30年出现1次。

The evaluation of exposure to PAHs can provide evidence for epidemiological study and risk assessment of the pollutants.

对PAHs的暴露评价可为流行病学研究和污染物风险评价等提供依据。

"Given the rapid aging of the US population, the potential public health burden of late-life mental health disorders will likely grow as well, suggesting the importance of continued epidemiologic monitoring of the mental health status of the young-old, mid-old, old-old, and oldest-old cohorts," the researchers conclude.

研究者结论表示，因为美国人口迅速老化，可能的公卫负担以及晚年的心智健康异常也会增加，持续对少老组、中老祖、耆老组与最老组进行心智健康状态流行病学监测是相当重要的。

The main results are:(1) The cumulate cause-effects model was demonstrated at both macro and micro level data. The problem of data fitting of hypertension prevalence data was solved well enough with the cumulate cause-effects model. The parameters of the model were meaningful for the practice.(2) Taking the hypertension developing speed as an indicator of health equality of hypertension between urban and rural residents in China and discovered the macro level determinants of it.(3) The causal network was testified by the structure equation model.(4) It is found that the major determinants of hypertension prevalence in China is population ageing, overweight, lifestyle changing due to high economic developing speed and the lagging behind of health education.

主要的研究成果有：(1)首次观测到我国高血压的患病率曲线符合累积风险效应模型，解决了高血压患病率资料数据拟合中长期存在的方法学问题，并对模型中参数的实际流行病学意义给出了合理的解释，能够对疾病的发病率进行间接的估计；(2)提出了用高血压的发展速度作为衡量我国城乡高血压造成的健康不平等的重要指标，解决了我国高血压患病率评价中长期存在的一些错误性认识，揭示了我国高血压城乡发展不平衡的宏观决定因素；(3)利用结构方程模型对构建的网络模型进行拟合分析，证明了模型的有效性；(4)揭示了目前影响我国高血压发展趋势的决定因素，主要包括人口老龄化趋势加剧、超重人口比例增加、经济的快速发展带来生活方式的转变和健康教育的相对滞后等几个方面。

Majority of the studies reported in the endodontics literature was conducted in European populations, few studies assessed endodontics treatment outcomes in Chinese populations.

但是，流行病学调查显示，被治疗牙的根尖周状况并未得到相应的改善，仍有相当数量的牙存在根尖周病变。

Department of epidemiology,school of public health and tropical medicine,southern medical universityguangzhou 510515,china

作者单位：南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院流行病学系，广州 510515

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China

南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院流行病学系，广州 510515

Methods Epidemiological study was conducted to a mumps outbreak in a primary school in Kunshan. A ReedFrost model was set up, then the cases of mumps were predicted and costeffectiveness and costbenefit were calculated.

方法对昆山市1所小学腮腺炎爆发疫情进行流行病学调查，按卫生经济学研究方法收集腮腺炎爆发的成本资料，建立ReedFrost模型，并预测其他班级经应急性预防接种的理论腮腺炎发病人数，推算应急性预防接种的成本-效果与成本-效益。

"This is a new and growing area of research conducted by epidemiologists and toxicologists around the world," McLaughlin said.

&这是一个新的和越来越多的研究领域所进行的流行病学和毒理学全世界，&麦克劳克林说。

No matter how the calculations are done, epidemiologists warn that the math will always be tricky.

不管这些数据是怎么出来的，流行病学专家警告说，数学永远是骗局。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。