流域

The main idea is to encourage and support the farmers to improve their farming way, and to implement the policy of castigation charge simultaneity The feasibility of the policies is analyzed with consideration of economy, technology and institution. It is concluded that the economic policies is necessary and feasible.Lastly, the further research approach to policy system for control and management of agricultural NPSP is proposed in this paper.

论文选择北京市重要水源地—密云水库的两大汇水流域之一的潮河流域为政策设计示范区，针对本区农业非点源污染的特点、成因和流域的社会经济状况，结合流域水环境规划目标，以建立的政策理论体系为指导，提出本区以鼓励扶持引导为主、收费惩罚为辅控制削减农业污染的经济政策构想，估算了对农民环保行为给予补贴、补偿的额度；基于对政策的经济、技术及制度方面的分析评价，本文认为在我国重点污染治理流域尤其是重要水环境功能保护区，制定和实施基于经济激励的农业非点源污染控制政策是必要且可行的。

Morphology of small drainage basin is in principle the same as general basins,disregarding its scale.

通过流域特征量的统计，我们看到，与一般流域相比，泥石流小流域的特征参数之间的关系形式上相同，而在数值上不同，这从一个方面肯定了流域演化存在着普遍规律，同时也证明泥石流是流域演化历史的"特殊一幕"。

Based on the eco- environment function, confirmed the constitution of eco- environment water demand(including the inside of the watercourse.and the ecological water demand of the outside of the watercourse such as ecological water demand of economical crop, of lake or reservoir and of cities.).③Analyzing the physical geography, hydrography, economy characteristic and water resource status, getting the proper calculation method. The Tennant applied to the eco- environment water demand of inside of the watercourse, woodland minmum eco- environment water demand calculation method applied to the eco- environment water demand of woodland, water ration method applied to farmland the eco- environment water demand, water evaporation method applied to the reservoir eco- environment water demand.

本文以流域生态环境需水为主要研究对象，因此重点阐述了流域生态环境需水量的分类和计算方法；②通过分析流域生态系统构成与流域生态环境功能，并分时段和河段考虑，确定了桃花江流域生态环境需水量的组成，即包括维持现状河道生态环境功能现状的现状生态环境需水量与流域生态环境改善的生态环境需水量，前者包括河道内生态环境需水量(维持河道基本生态功能需水量、维持河道自净稀释功能需水量、补充地下水水量及美化流域景观娱乐需水)与河道外生态环境需水量(流域内植被、森林、农田的需水量和与河道相连的池塘、水库等的需水量)；后者还包括为治理改善流域生态环境而拟规划林业生态建设所需水量；③对桃花江流域的自然地理、水文地质和社会经济特征以及水资源现状及其主要生态环境问题进行了综合分析，提出了适合桃花江流域的生态环境需水量计算方法，即采用Tennant法计算河道内生态环境需水量，采用林地最小生态环境需水量法计算林地生态环境需水量，采用需水定额法计算农田生态环境需水量，采用水面蒸发法计算水库、池塘生态环境需水量。

It is absolutely necessary to study classify, patterns and dynamic of the landscape of watersheds from the level of landscape, in order to get system knowledge for whole watershed and to provide foundation for landscape construction of the region, taken count of the close relationship between the landscape structure and its hydrological process, its pollution shifting process and suppuration of biodiversity.

流域的景观结构特点与流域的水文过程、污染物迁移过程及对生物多样性的支持功能密切相关，因此有必要从景观水平上研究流域的景观分类、景观格局与动态特征，以期获得对流域整体的系统认识，为开展以流域为单元的景观生态建设提供依据。

Based on data of Yanhe river basin's hydrological stations on precipitation, runoff, soil and water conservation measure area sizes (terrace land, forestation land, grassed land, and silted dam land) from 1950s'-1980s', the basin's monthly precipitation station weightiness indexes and the four main measure areas weightiness indexes through correlation analysis and factor analysis were built.

以建立一种科学的较简单的评价方法为目的，以延河流域水文站20世纪50-80年代30余年降水、径流、水土保持主体措施面积(梯田、造林、种草、淤堤坝)资料为基础，运用相关分析、因子分析等方法，建立了流域雨量站各月降雨量权重指标体系、流域4大水土保持措施面积权重指标值，并构建了以水土保持面积指标、降雨量指标为参数的流域水文响应评价模型，进而分析水土保持措施对流域径流量的效应。

The local river valley cultural tourism researches contain the shortage of three aspects: Did not put forward the concept of the river valley cultural tourism exclusively; Did not thoroughly and delicately discuss the river valley cultural tourism development combining with the river valley characteristics, the cultural characteristics; describing is a lot but quantitative analysis is little, the cultural tourism studies disjoints with river valley, the conclusion of river valley culture tourism development is little.

国内流域文化旅游研究有三方面的不足：未专门提出流域文化旅游的概念；未结合流域特点、文化特点深入细致地论述流域文化旅游开发；描述性多定量研究少，文化旅游研究与流域脱节，流域文化旅游发展的概括性结论少。

The ecological safety of the Minjiang River valley is vitally important in ensuring economic development of Sichuan and in guarantying ecological safety in the Yangtze River valley.

岷江流域是长江流域重要的一级支流，也是长江流域的主要产沙源之一，作为长江上游生态屏障建设的重点区和四川重要的经济发展区，流域的生态安全对确保四川经济健康发展和维护长江流域的生态安全具有重要意义。

Making use of this model I have a taste in Yan Shan Reservoir watershed in He Nan Province: I start on the information of the surface in this area, give every grid cell the proper parameters by distilling them from the map of how the people use soil and the map of soil type in this area; In order to get the topographical information, I add numerical value to a abundant of contour lines and points in topographical map, use the software Arc View of GIS to create Digital Elevation Models automatically, get every volume of the reservoir from the water level 99m to 117m. By using a special module of the software, I distill triumphantly the grid cells elevation value, slope value, flow direction, flow accumulation, watershed, stream network, isochrones and so on.

本文在分布式水文模型的基础上，对河南省燕山水库流域洪水入库计算模拟方面作了一些研究：从燕山水库流域的下垫信息开始着手，依据流域的土地使用类型图、土壤分布图确定每个栅格单元的土壤特性和土地利用方式，进行下垫信息的参数化，得到单元模型所需的参数值；为了提取地形信息，本文通过对流域地形图海量数据加载高程值，利用GIS软件自动生成流域内的数字高程模型，提取了流域水文模型所需要的库容曲线；通过栅格自动划分，提取栅格单元的高程、坡度、栅格流向、流域边界、虚拟河网、流量积累、等时流线面积分布等分布式水文模型的流域特征。

The paper investigates the interaction between variation of precipitation landscape patterns and runoff, and results show that: 1Precipitation in upper-middle main Jinghe watershed over 40 years descends little, and the isograms of inclination rate of precipitation are between -4.9mm/10a to -11.3mm/10a.

本文研究泾河流域降雨-景观-径流变化的相互作用，结果表明：①泾河流域中上游主流域40多年来的降水具有微弱下降趋势，降雨倾向率为-4.9mm/10～-11.3mm/10年；泾河流域马莲河分流域，年降雨量表现为不变或微弱下降；②泾河流域1986年～2000年15年之间，景观结构变化不大，一直以草地景观和耕地景观为主。

Choosing TVA and MDB, Tennessee Valley Authority in USA and MurrayDarling River Basin in Australia, as tow cases for comparative studies, analyzed the models of water resource multiobjective development which could be used in Lancang-Mekong River Basin; to TVA, mainly analyzed and summarized the models and experiences of its water resource mutiobjective development and coordinated management in the river basin's comprehensive development process; to MDB, mainly analyzed the models for integrating allocation and management of its transboundary water resource.

在世界众多的大河流域中，选择了美国田纳西流域和澳大利亚的墨累-达岭河流域，作为澜沧江—湄公河水资源系统多目标协同开发可借鉴的流域模式，进行对比分析研究。对TVA，重点分析其流域综合开发中水资源多目标协同开发和管理的模式与经验的借鉴；对MDB，则重点分析其流域整体管理模式及此模式中跨境水资源整体分配和管理模式的借鉴。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷