流动性

From the microcosmic structure of securities market,the problems of stock market liquidity and bargain amount change were analyzed. The dispersed model of amount dynamic state of bargainers was discussed. By neglecting price change,an appropriate proportion of bargainer quantity of both buyer and seller is the lowest standard of the market liquidity. The time achieving stable market liquidity has relation to parameters for bargainer to leave the stock market. Finally,simulation calculation of bargainer quan...

从证券市场的微观结构角度，对股票市场的流动性及交易数量变动问题进行分析·讨论了交易者数量动态离散模型，在忽略价格变动情况下，指出市场流动性的最低标准是买卖双方的交易者数量有一个恰当的比例，市场达到稳定流动性的时间与描述离开股市交易者的参数有关·最后给出股市交易者数量变动的仿真计算

The extreme value theory is introduced in measuring the liquidity risk, and the Type I extreme value distribution is found fit for predicting the probability of the amount of accrued payables to redeem open-end funds via analyzing the actual data.

在基金中对众多可能引起流动性风险的因素运用主成分分析，通过综合指标对基金资产的流动性进行分级，得出综合指标的分布函数，从而可以得出不同级别的流动性风险发生的概率。

Comparisons between market performance under auction mechanisms and that under market maker mechanisms are made in terms of liquidity, stability, efficiency and transparency. The comparative results show that certain price formation mechanics integrated with specific market environment can affect market performance. The results of the test that is used to verify the liquidity of security market in China indicate that current price formation mechanics can provide the securities market with better liquidity. But the fixation of the minimum changing price lowers the liquidity of the market factitiously and close call auction mechanisms result in increased price fluctuation and price manipulation. Through the analysis on the competitive strategy of securities market, the objects and principles of the design of price formation mechanisms are established.

本文推导出了竞价机制和市商机制下证券市场的均衡价格，结果表明不同的价格形成机制对资产的真实价格有着不同的反映；从证券市场的流动性、稳定性、有效性和透明度等四个方面分别对竞价机制和做市商机制下的市场绩效进行了比较分析，结果表明一定的价格形成机制和特定的市场环境相结合就会对市场绩效产生不同的影响；通过对我国证券市场的流动性进行实证检验，发现当前我国证券市场价格形成机制能够为市场提供较好的流动性，但固定的最小变动价位人为地降低了市场流动性，并且封闭式的开盘集合竞价导致价格波动加大和市场操纵。

Mobility of membrane phospholipid and receptors: membrane phospholipid was labeled with the NBD-C〓-HPC and the mobility was measured with FRAP technique, the results showed that the membrane phospholipid mobility gradually deceased with the time of ligand stimulation.

1膜磷脂和受体流动性：利用NBD-C〓-HPC荧光标记细胞膜磷脂和荧光漂白后恢复技术测量膜磷脂流动性，结果显示膜磷脂流动性随配体刺激时间增加而逐渐下降。

The measuring methods of liquidity mainly includes: the measuring methods based on the supply and demand theory, Marshall K value and the excess money growth rate, monetarism liquidity measuring methods and etc, at the micro level, market liquidity was mainly reflected by short-term money market interest rates, stock market index yield variance and other indicators.

流动性的测度方法主要包括：基于流动性供求理论的测度方法，马歇尔K值与超额货币增长率，货币主义流动性测度方法等，在微观层面的市场流动性则主要通过短期货币市场利率、股票市场指数收益率方差等指标来反映。

The main structure of this paper consists of two parts: theoretical analysis was mainly conducted in the first part, which including chapter 1 and 2, in this part the analysis was focusing on the connotation of liquidity, the supply and demand theory, the measuring methods, as well as micro-and macro-economic effects, and then proposed that the periodic reversal of liquidity was the concrete manifestation of the financial crisis; the second part, including the chapter 4,5,6 and 7, which cases analysis were made mainly in this part. Combined with the financial crisis, as well as from the US, developed-new emerging economies and China three different perspectives, it further analyzed the specific performance of liquidity reversal from excess to crunch, transmission processes and responding measures.

第二、三章为理论分析部分，分析了流动性的内涵剖析、供求理论和度量方法，以及流动性的经济效应；第四、五、六章为实例部分，以美国、中国，部分发达国家和新兴经济体在金融危机下流动性特征为案例，层层剖析了流动性变化的具体表现和原因，流动性变化的度量，以及流动性逆转在金融机构、金融市场和实体经济中的扩散，在不同国家间的传导；第七章提出防范流动性逆转危机的具体措施。

There is liquidity premium in the stock market that is to say, for compensate liquidity risk of illiquidity stock, the stock would sell at lower price and it would have higher return than higher liquidity stock.

理论上认为，在股票市场中，为了补偿持有流动性差的股票所面临的流动性风险，其预期收益率也比流动性好的股票高，即存在"流动性溢价"。

First of all, this paper gives the calculational methods of stock liquidity in the quote-driven system.

给出报价驱动机制下的股票流动性的计算方法，提出指令驱动机制下的股票流动性和市场流动性计算方法，并运用这些度量方法，从不同角度实证研究了涨跌幅限制对流动性的影响。

The difference between our model and present literatures is that we introduce simultaneously investors'endogenous liquidity risk and liquidity demand as a state variable so that model is more consistent with the fact that trading cost increases in executive size, especially in order-driven markets, and model randomizes the stock holding periods.

在一定条件下，模型得出三个命题：股票的流动性水平越低，则预期回报率越高，即显著的非流动性补偿；股票的三个流动性beta的绝对值越大，也就是股票的流动性风险暴露越大，则预期回报率越高，即显著的流动性风险溢价。

Therefore, the construction of the open-end fund liquidity risk management system in our country should base on the actual situation of our financial market and system. Firstly, we should establish the object, the procedure and the risk forecast and alarm system of the open-end fund. Secondly we should focus on the interior asset and fund management of fund management companies as well as the external system and environment reform, which is for the purpose of optimizing the liquidity risk management and prevention measure. And finally the integrated liquidity risk management system including three stages following as pre-estimation, in the matter monitoring and afterwards appraisal is expected to be accomplished.

因此，我国开放式基金流动性风险管理体系的构建应结合金融市场和金融体系的现实条件，从建立开放式基金流动性风险管理的目标、程序和风险预警指标体系入手，在基金管理公司外部的制度、环境配套改革和内部的资产、资金管理两个层面，加强流动性风险的防范措施，优化流动性风险的管理方法，形成事前计量、事中监控和事后评估的全过程、全方位流动性风险综合管理体系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。