流体的

The results showed that the pressure and pressure derivative of non-newtonian fluid is higher than newtonian one;The power index is more smaller,the pressure and pressure derivative is more higher;The effect of skin factor on transient was different from that of power index;The storativity ratio and inter-porosity flow factor is just same as the newtonian fluid,and the effect of outer-boundary on transient pressure is different from that of newtonian fluid.

结果表明，非牛顿流体的压力及压力导数都明显高于牛顿流体；幂律流指数越小则压力和压力导数越大；表皮系数和非牛顿流体幂律流指数对压力响应的影响有着明显的不同；而弹性储容比和窜流系数的影响和普通三重介质相同，只是由于非牛顿流体的影响其"凹陷"的位置升高；外边界的影响也和牛顿流体的情况明显不同。

The second part was to test the appearance, ingredient analysis, surface potential, thermal conduction properties, and magnetism of the nano composite fluid prepared from the parameters. The experiment found that unoxidized particles, Ag, Cu, Fe, and Ni appeared round. If combined with oxygen in water as oxides, the nano particles would grow toward certain directions. In copper/iron nano composite fluid, FeO appeared cubic, Cu2O appeared coniferous. In silver/iron nano composite fluid, FeO was polygonal. In dielectric potential detection, the nano composite fluid was likely to aggregate and deposit, except for silver/iron set. In other sets, the pH of silver/cobalt nano composite fluid was 7, surface potential was 21.21mV; the pH for silver/nickel nano composite fluid was 6.5, surface potential was 21.04mV; the pH for copper/iron nano composite fluid was 7, surface potential was -30mV. The fluid particles of the three sets could all maintain suspension of 2 weeks or more. For thermal conduction, the silver/nickel, nano composite fluid showed the best thermal conduction. Under temperature of 30℃ fluid weight conduction of 0.4%, the thermal conduction increase was 26%. For magnetic detection, except for silver/iron nano composite fluid, the nano particles of other three sets were paramagnetic, and all four sets were soft magnetic nano composite materials.

第二部分。将由较佳制备参数所产出的奈米复合流体，进行形貌外观、成分分析、表面电位及热传导性质实验与磁性检测；在奈米颗粒的形貌部分，经实验发现Ag、Cu、Fe、Ni等未氧化的颗粒皆呈现近似圆形，而若与水中的氧结合形成氧化物，奈米颗粒则会朝特定方向成长，在铜/铁奈米复合流体中FeO为四方体结构、Cu2O的颗粒是针叶状，在银/铁奈米复合流体中FeO则为多边形结构；而介面电位检测方面，结果显示经本制程所产出的奈米复合流体除银/铁奈米复合流体这一组较容易聚集沉淀外，其他三组中银/钴奈米复合流体的pH值为7，表面电位为21.21mV，银/镍奈米复合流体的pH值6.5表面电位为21.04mV而铜/铁奈米复合流体的pH值为7时表面电位约在-30mV，且此三组流体颗粒皆能维持悬浮性2周以上，悬浮性较佳；热传导实验部分，四组奈米复合流体中以银/镍奈米复合流体在增进热传上效果最佳，在温度30℃及流体重量浓度0.4﹪条件下热传导系数增进达26﹪；磁检测方面，除了银/铁奈米复合流体外，其他三组奈米颗粒皆属顺磁性，且这四组奈米复合材料都是属软磁性。

According to the relationship between the shear rate and the energy dissipation rate,a method for calculating the average shear rate based on the volumetrically average energy dissipation rate is presented.

根据能量耗散率与剪切率的关系，提出了按流体的体积平均能量耗散率计算流体平均剪切率的方法，即可根据流体的密度、平均流速、管道直径、流动的摩擦因子或摩阻压降以及流变参数计算牛顿流体和幂律流体管流的平均剪切率。

The fundamental concepts of micropolar fluid , couple stress fluid, fractional Maxwell fluid and smart fluid are described.

简要介绍微极性流体，应力偶流体，非整数阶Maxwell流体和智能流体的基本概念，通过简单的例子阐述它们与牛顿流体的本质差别，并介绍非牛顿流体在以上热点研究领域的若干进展。

To investigate the characteristics of thermo-hydrodynamic lubrication with micropolar fluids, the energy equation for micropolar fluids is derived, based on the theory of micropolar fluids and the laws of conservation and conversion of energy.

为考察微极流体的热流体动力润滑特性，根据微极流体的基本理论和能量守恒与转换定律，推导了微极流体的能量方程；依据其润滑条件假设，得出了润滑条件下微极流体的能量方程的简化形式。

Numerical simulation of micropolar fluids elastic lubrication with mixed friction in mechanical seal;2. The basic line contact elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication equations for micropolar fluids were developed on the basis of the theory of micropolar fluids.

应用微极流体理论，考虑流体的可压缩性，建立线接触微极流体动力润滑的基本方程，进行固液两相流体稳态流动弹流润滑数值分析，获得了润滑油膜压力、形状以及摩擦力分布，分析了微极参数对润滑性能的影响，并与不可压缩流体结果进行比较。

For frequency information fluid identification technology:the basic theory of fluid identification based on frequency information has been introduced,for inner and external factor affecting frequency,some steps have been proposed to attain reserved amplitude and frequency analysis data with high resolution,high S/N ratio;through the comparison of time-frequency analysis method, the high accuracy time-frequency analysis method has been selected to extract time-frequency attributes;the analysis method flow of common single frequency fluid identification has been proposed,according to the data of full frequency band,several anomaly zone modes of common single frequency attribute have segregated; incorporating converted wave and compression wave,fluid identification method based on PS wave combined time-frequency analysis has been proposed;the AVO property of various fluid type in frequency domain has been studied;the generalized fourier analysis method,Proni absorption filter has been introduced,and researched for anti-noise and for the seismic processing interpretation flow.The above technology have been applied to fluid identification of organic reef in WBT area in the east of Sichuan and fluid identification of clastic rock in GUANGAN area in the middle of Sichuan,the results show that the above methods are effective.

基于频率信息的流体识别技术方面：介绍了利用频率信息流体识别的基本理论，针对影响频率的内、外在因素，提出一些针对措施，以获得高分辨率、高信噪比的保幅、保频分析数据；通过时频分析方法的比较，选取高精度的时频分析方法提取时频属性；提出共单频属性进行流体识别的分析方法流程，结合全频带数据，分出几种共单频属性异常带模式；联合转换波资料和纵波资料，提出基于纵横波联合时频分析进行流体识别方法；研究了频率域内不同流体类型AVO现象；引进一种广义傅立叶分析方法：Proni吸收滤波，研究其抗噪性以及进行地震处理解释的流程；将这些技术应用川东北五百梯区块进行生物礁储层流体的识别和川中广安陆相碎屑岩的流体识别，取得较好的效果。

Experiment results indicate that the magnetic fluid flux has a direct relation with the magnetic field under the effect of traveling wave magnetic field. The bigger the magnetic field is, the more the flux is, when the structure of the magnetic fluid travellig pump and the saturation magnetization of magnetic fluid are constant. The volumes of the magnetic fluid from the travelling wave pump increase from 1.9 ml to 3.1 ml, when the magnetic field intensity increases from 25 900 A/m to 40 000 A/m. In addition, the change rate of the magnetic fluid decreases with the increase of the magnetic field due to the effect of magnetic field on magnetic fluid viscosity. The bigger the saturation magnetization of the magnetic fluid is, the more the flux is.

结果表明，行波磁场作用下的磁性流体流量与磁场的强度有直接关系：在磁性流体行波泵结构和磁性流体饱和磁化强度相同的条件下，磁场强度越强，其流量越大；当磁场强度从25900A/m增加到40000A/m时，单位时间内从行波泵内流出的磁性流体的体积由1.9 ml增加到3.1 ml；随着磁场强度的不断增加，磁性流体流量的变化率由于磁场对其粘度的影响而减小；而磁性流体的饱和磁化强度越大，其流量也越大。

Cut off cut-off valve is mainly used for fluid pathway, including the cut-off valves, gate valves, plug valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, control API Cast Steel Valves valves and other folders; The main control valve for regulating fluid pressure, flow, etc., including control valve, throttle, valve and float valve, etc.; Check valve used to prevent reverse flow of fluid; Shunt valve fluid channel for distribution of destination, or two-phase separated, including slide valves, multi-valve, trap, and emptying valves and so on; Safety valve is mainly used for security, to prevent the boiler, pressure vessel or pipeline overpressure due to the damage; Multi-valve is a valve with more than one function, such as the cut-off valve can both start and end back from the role of the role of drying.

截断阀主要用于截断流体通路，包括眼镜阀截止阀、闸阀、旋塞阀、球阀、蝶阀、隔膜阀、夹管阀等；调节阀主要用于调节流体的压力、流量等，包括调节阀、节流阀、减压阀和浮球调节阀等；止回阀用于阻止流体的逆向流动；分流阀用于分配流体的通路去向，或将氧气专用阀、铜阀门两相流体分离，包括滑阀、多通阀、疏水阀和排空气阀等；安全阀主要用于安全保护，防止锅炉、压力容器或管道因超压而破坏；多用阀是具有一种以上功能的阀门，如截止止回阀既能起断流作用又能起止回作用。

It is suggested that the ore deposit under study was relative to the mixing of the lowtemperature and hightemperature hydrothermal solutions.δ18O and δD values of oreforming fluid of different ore bodies are unanimous, thus indicating that fluid homogenisation once happened before the formation of oreforming fluid.

研究结果表明，该矿床的形成与中低温热液与中高温热液的混合有关；成矿流体的H、O同位素组成在不同矿体中没有明显的差别，流体形成前曾存在流体的均一化作用；成矿流体的形成是地层循环水与变质水、岩浆水在流体储库中充分混合的结果。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。