流

Being a main actor in the economy activities, MNCs is a network organization, comprising MNCs interior members and the interrelated organizations in the Amphitryon country.

跨国公司作为现今经济活动主要主体，其本身就是由跨国公司内部成员与东道国当地相关机构所构成的网络组织，在这个网络组织中充满了密集的资本流、产品流和知识流。

It is shown that laser anemometry, as a non-intrusive anemometer, is more suitable and convenient than traditional instruments in application to rotational flow fields, especially to the flow within centrifugal impellers which have only small width of flow passage.

研究表明，激光测速仪作为一种先进的非接触式测速仪器在旋转流场特别是流道高度很小的离心旋转流场的研究中较之传统仪器更合适、更方便。

The main work and the originality points of this dissertation could be concluded as the following parts:(1) To analyze systematically the mathematical model of LES of air flow in great space, under the case of isothermal and non-isothermal, as well as the combined action of buoyancy and strain. Some basic problems are studied about the LES application into airflow simulation of great space, such as boundary conditions, spatial difference scheme and time advancing scheme, time step etc., which creates the basis for the LES application to indoor airflow simulation.(2) Both the instantaneous and time averaged flow field of great space with multiple jets under isothermal and non-isothermal cases are explored with large eddy simulation method, and also discussed the dynamic characteristics and the law of fluidflow in the great space.(3) Based on the results of LES of the great space and the Fanger thermal comfort indexes, it is brought forward the concept of the series of dynamic thermal comfort evaluating indexes, which could be divided into thermal comfort index with time averaged properties PD, PPD, PMV, thermal comfort index with instantaneous properties IPD, IPPD, IPMV, and time averaged thermal comfort indexes TAPD, TAPPD, TAPMV, and transient situations time averaged thermal comfort indexes TTAPD, TTAPPD, TTAPMV. The differences among them and the calculation methods are discussed, and the four kinds of indexes are calculated with the thermal comfort index PD as an example.(4) Based on the LES results it is discussed the hot air stratification phenomena in air-conditioned buildings in the case with air supply and return registers on the ceiling and the case on the sidewall. The fundamentals of the hot air stratification are studied and the relations of estimating hot air stratification are brought forward.(5) With the advanced apparatus such as hot wire film anemometer IFA300 and laser particle field anemoscope, corresponding model test and site measurements have been done, which are compared with the simulation results and LES is proved a very promising method in air flow simulation indoor.

本文主要工作既创新点体现在以下几个方面：(1)系统分析了等温、非等温和考虑剪切力与浮升力综合作用的高大空间大涡模拟数学模型，并研究了高大空间大涡模拟在室内气流仿真应用中的一些基本问题，如边界条件、空间离散格式和时间推进格式、时间步长选择等问题，为大涡模拟在室内气流计算中的广泛应用打下了基础；(2)首次用大涡模拟方法研究了高雷诺数下高大空间多射流在等温、非等温情况下的瞬时流场和时均流场分布，并探讨了多射流流场的动态特性和流动规律；(3)基于大涡模拟的动态仿真结果和Fanger的热舒适指标，首次系统地提出了动态热舒适评价指标体系的概念：即基于时间平均参数的热舒适指标PD、PPD、PMV；基于瞬时参数的瞬时热指标IPD、IPPD、IPMV；基于时间平均热舒适指标TAPD、TAPPD、TAPMV；以及沿行动迹线的时间平均热舒适指标TTAPD、TTAPPD、TTAPMV，并分析了四类热舒适指标的差异性和计算方法，还以PD值为例对四类指标分别进行了计算；(4)基于数十种工况下空调房间大涡模拟的结果，研究了空调建筑上送上回和侧送侧回两种情况下热分层现象，并探讨了热分层的基本规律，首次提出了避免热分层现象的判断公式；(5)在暖通空调领域，首次使用IFA300热线风速仪、激光粒子速度场仪等先进设备，完成了与大涡模拟相对应的模型试验，并把实测结果与仿真结果进行了对比，说明LES在室内气流仿真方面是一种很有前景的方法。

In this method,the Archimedes spiral was adopted as channel midline which could be generated by programmer in the process of modeling,and the original wooden patterns and the area change rule of channel could be modified,so that 3-D design of double-channel impellers could be implemented.

在该设计方法中，采用阿基米德螺旋线为流道中线，在造型过程中编入程序生成流道中线，并对原木模图和流道面积变化规律进行修正，实现对双流道式污水泵叶轮的三维设计。

The implicit TDMA algorithm and first kind of firstorder upwind difference were employed to solve the conservation equation associated with appropriate boundary conditions.

通过分析离心力场作用下铝熔液在Al2O3短纤维多孔介质内的渗流传热现象，考虑离心惯性力对渗流传热过程的影响，建立了多孔介质渗流传热模型。

By one dimension LDV, the distribution of axial velocity in the swirling field given was measured.

采用一维多普勒激光测速仪，测量了旋流流场的轴向速度分布，根据LDV测量值，建立了描述所给旋流场的数学模型。

Based on the model of round axial symmetry turbulent jet, three simplified categories of the mitral regurgitant jet were proposed.

通过Field II软件模拟了二尖瓣返流的各种情况，建立了相应的返流数学模型和返流评价标准。

The result showed that Speed/swirl of wind changed impact on backset current area than other factors. When swirling gas speed increased, the range of backset current area was increased tea. The other backset current area disappears.

结果表明：旋流风的速度变化对回流区的影响比其他因素的影响更大，旋流风速度适当增大可以增大回流区的范围，而当旋流风速度过大时，外回流区消失。

Backset current area, the important factor of burner performance was discussed on the basis of carrying on numerical simulation to the cement kiln with three-channel burner by the model of. RNG k-ε. The model that backset current area was divided into center backset current area, interior backset current area, and other backset current area was compared in three-dimensional condition.

在采用重整化群κ-ε模型对水泥窑用多通道燃烧器进行数值模拟的基础上，针对影响燃烧器性能的重要指标－回流区进行讨论，将三维条件下燃烧器的流场分布与传统燃烧器流场进行劝比，提出了三维条件下燃烧器回流区分为中心回流区、内回流区、外回流区3个回流区的分布模型，并分析了影响回流区的直流风和旋流风2个重要因素。

Sediment from river is not the main source of the Rushan Bay now any more ,which leads to the change of balance of sedimentation power. Sediment will transport because of the drive of hydrodynamic elements in macroscopic view .Direction of suspended load is basicly the same as tidal current .Flood tide makes suspended load transport to tip of the inner Bay and to the Mouth in exterior Bay .The direction of longside sediment transport in two sides of the Mouth mainly focus in the Mouth .Because the coastline along the exterior Bay is very meandering and it belongs to the type of bedrock ,besides some sediment going into the inner Bay ,so actual net sediment discharge rate is less than calculation .It develops an ebb delta out of the Mouth and forms tidal sand ridge ,tidal washing canal ,barrier bar and marine physiognomy ;The result of model simulation disclosures that differences of sediment erosion and siltation between single tidal action and wave-current action are very big .From the analysis of sediment composition、sediment sources and stability of beach and ridge ,this article gets the conclusion that the channel has the possibility to silt ,though the course maybe very slow.

通过分析研究文章得出如下结论：沉积物平面分布与水动力的时空变化存在很好的相关性；口门外发育落潮流三角洲，形成潮流沙脊、潮流冲刷槽、浅滩、拦门沙等水下动力地貌；乳山湾河流来沙已不是湾内泥沙主要来源导致沉积水动力平衡发生改变，宏观上表现在泥沙受水动力驱动发生不断运移；悬沙运移方向与涨潮流方向基本一致，湾内涨潮流带来的悬移质泥沙向湾顶运移，湾外悬移质泥沙主要向口门方向运移；湾口两侧岸段沿岸输沙方向均指向口门方向，由于乳山湾外海岸线曲折，两侧岸段以基岩为主，加之部分泥沙进入湾内，实际净输沙量小于计算值；数值模拟发现潮流单独作用与波流共同作用下泥沙蚀淤模拟差别较大；从沉积物组成、泥沙来源及滩槽稳定性三个方面分析，文章认为研究区存在航道淤积的可能性，但过程相对较慢。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。