派别

Realism aims to paint and canonize the nature,and pay direct attention to and animadvert on the social reality itself,however,the Peredvizhniki is a painting school formed in Russia,which was affected by the realism,and reflected Russia's social problems,lives of people,history and beautiful nature.

而巡回展览画派则是在现实主义的影响下，于俄国形成的一个以反映俄罗斯的社会问题、人民生活、历史和美丽的大自然的一个画家派别。

Finally, I believe in an America where religious intolerance will someday end, where all men and all churches are treated as equals, where every man has the same right to attend or not to attend the church of his choice, where there is no Catholic vote, no anti-Catholic vote, no bloc voting of any kind, and where Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, at both the lay and the pastoral levels, will refrain from those attitudes of disdain and division which have so often marred their works in the past, and promote instead the American ideal of brotherhood.

最后，我所信仰的美国，乃是一个宗教不宽容现象最终绝迹的美国——在这个国家里，所有的人、所有的教会平等相待；每个人都享有平等的权利自行决定是否参加教会。在这个国家里，没有所谓天主教的投票、没有所谓反天主教的投票、没有任何以宗教派别相区分的投票；在这个国家里，天主教徒、新教徒及犹太教徒无论是在世俗层面还是在属灵的层面上，都摒弃那种过去曾屡屡使他们的工作蒙污含垢的蔑视对立态度，而代之以促进美国人同胞情谊的理想主义。

Another more secret evil, but more dangerous to the commonwealth, is when men arrogate to themselves, and to those of their own sect, some peculiar prerogative covered over with a specious show of deceitful words, but in effect opposite to the civil right of the community.

另一种更加隐秘却对共同体更加危险的邪恶是：当人们为他们自己或者他们自己的派别谋取一些特有权利的时候，往往外覆华丽的欺骗语言，而实际上却与共同体的世俗权利相背离。

So this thesis focuses mainly on teacher culture of balkanization with the aim of providing certain basis and reference.

基于以上原因，本文着重分析派别主义教师文化，通过对这种文化类型的反思，为我国教育改革提供一定的借鉴依据。

By studying and analyzing recent domestic studies on teacher culture, the academe achieve a lot in terms of teacher culture definition, the basic way of developing teacher culture, how to build up teacher culture in the new curriculum reform. However, these studies are confined to individualism and cooperative culture, and there is much room for study on balkanization.

通过对近几年来教师文化研究的查阅和分析不难发现，学术界在教师文化概念界定、教师文化建设的基本途径、新课程改革中如何构建教师文化这三个方面已经取得了丰硕的成果，但现阶段教师文化的研究多关注于个人主义文化和合作文化的研究，对派别主义教师文化的研究存在不足。

Hargreaves divides teacher culture into four types, individualism, balkanization, contrived collegiality, collaboration.

哈格里夫斯将教师文化分为四种类型：个人主义文化、派别主义文化、自然合作文化和人为合作文化。

Reformists, means reform is the school's assertion.

改革&派&就是主张改革的一个派别，主张改革的派别之一。

As we konw , Marxist works of the view that philosophy can be divided into two factions, idealist philosophy, one of two basic factions, Idealism is opposite to materialism.. The two basic forms of idealism, namely, subjective idealism and objective idealism.

马克思主义著作中则认为哲学可分为两大派别，唯心主义是哲学两大基本派别之一，是与唯物主义对立的理论体系。。

American Jewry is pluralistic—many of its members belong to progressive denominations such as Reform and Conservative Judaism—while Israel's Orthodox establishment does not recognise conversions or marriages by other kinds of rabbis.

美国犹太人是多元的——其中很多人属于诸如改革派和保守派这样的进步派别——而以色列的正统派则不认可其它派别的拉比（rabbi，犹太教的经师——译注）所主持的改信和婚姻[注2]。

Even when, for public relations purposes, they seek to separate the political and military wings (as with Sinn Fein and the Irish Republican Army in Ireland), in reality the two may be difficult to separate.

尽管考虑到公共关系，有时他们会试图将政治派别跟军事派别区别开来，比如爱尔兰的Sinn Fein （应该是个党的名字，小女子没查到，呵呵）跟爱尔兰共和军。但事实上，这两者是很难区分的。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷