洪水流量

A sudden local flood of great volume and short duration.

一个突然的有极大流量和较短持续时间的局部洪水。

Both sides of intake maybe occur intermittent inspiration vortex with high flow flood in floodplain. It can be subtracted by means of inclining the breast wall to the upstream.

大流量漫滩洪水时进口两侧可能出现的间歇性吸气漩涡，可采用将胸墙向上游倾斜的方式予以消减。

Based on the Saint-venant equations describing the channel flow movement, the nonlinear algebraic equations derived by the use of Preissmann weighted implicit four-point scheme are solved with the Netwon-Raphson method. A combined Gauss main-element elimination method with compress-storage technique is proposed. The relaxation iterative method for solving branch river networks is extended, which can turn the problem of any complex river networks into the problem of a series of single rivers. The coupling of hydraulic model with water quality model is built up. The combined model was applied to a large complicated river networks with numerical hydraulic structure which influenced by strong tide, storm and heave rain. Visualization of computational results is realized by means of MapInfo, which displays the computational results in fast, convenient and accurate way.

水力模型以描述河道洪水波运动的Saint-Venant方程组为基础，用Newton-Raphson方法直接求解按Preissmann加权四点格式进行离散所得的非线性代数方程组，提出了压缩存贮形式的Gauss列主元消去法并对数值解的收敛性进行了讨论；将支流流量的松弛迭代方法从树状河系推广到了环状河网，使任意复杂河网水力计算的问题都可化为一系列的单一河道的水力计算问题；建立了水力模型与水质模型的联接，初步应用于既有洪水、暴雨、强潮等综合影响，又存在多种水工建筑物及水力调度问题的大型复杂河网中的非恒定流水力、水质计算问题；利用MapInfo对计算结果的可视化进行了研究，有利于决策者快速、方便、准确地作出决策。

Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 2. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beifing 100084）The existing problems in the design of reservoir flood operations is analyzed, then aiming at the insufficience of the typical flood, the method for reservoir flood operation with classified forecast is presented in this paper.

将水库防洪调度方法划分为两大类：一类不考虑预报，通常是选择"坝前库水位或实际入库流量"作为遭遇洪水量级及改变泄量的判断指标，称为常规防洪调度方法；另一类考虑预报，选择的判断指标多是产流预报的"累积净雨量"或汇流预报的"洪峰流量"或短时"晴雨"预报等信息，简称防洪预报调度方法。

The study results indicate that the simulation results in Zhangjiashan and the area between Xianyang and Lintong are more reasonable. Layered Continuous Muskingum method is used to rout the flood in mainstream, and the runoff process at Huaxian station is composed of the results of Muskingum and the runoff simulated in interzone.

在渭河下游流域移用秦渡镇控制流域的模型参数来模拟区间的洪水过程；干流洪水演算采用马斯京根分层连续演算法，最后将区间模拟的径流过程和干流径流过程相叠加形成华县站的流量过程。

This article summarizes the advantages of direct optimized law in working out inequality constraints, and proposes the way to carry on the simulation with the regular polyhedron law to the standard unitary flood noose curve.

简述了直接优化法求解不等式约束问题的优越性，提出了用正多面体法对标准单式洪水绳套曲线进行模拟的思路及程序求解方法，分析了正多面体法模拟标准单式洪水绳套曲线的可行性，为进一步利用水位推求流量创造了条件。

It is also pointed out that overbank flood-induced deposition on flood plain is mainly caused by the transversal exchange of water and sand between the flood plain and the main channel. By water and sand diversion experiments performed in 2002, it is verif...

通过2002年的调水调沙试验，验证了漫滩洪水可有效增加平滩流量的认识，建议在下游泥沙还没有得到有效控制的情况下允许洪水在一定范围内漫滩，这样从长远来看对防洪是有利的。

Slack water deposits are indicators of water level and age of paleoflood. They can be identified using Quaternary Period geology and hydrology, and can be aged using radioactive isotopes or other methods.

平流沉积物是洪水水位和发生年代记录的载体，利用第四纪地质学和水文学可以把它发掘出来并用放射性同位素或者其它断代方法测定它发生的年代，再通过断面恢复，进行流量推求，这就是古洪水研究。

The current models constructed by using neural networks can neither predict the peak flow and the peak time of flood in ungauged watersheds, nor evaluate the hydrological impacts of land use changes. This study offers a current models.

现阶段利用类神经网路进行降雨迳流模拟的方式，仅能产生单一集水区适用的流量推估模式，无法进一步预测未设流量站集水区的洪水特性，也无法评估土地利用变所可能造成的水文冲击。

Within a single storm, process of runoff and sediment seem the same in outsets of different scale watersheds, about runoff rate is 1.27 m/s, concentration of sediment tend to change little and nearly 700 kg/m~3, this determine the relationship between water and sediment, or the relation reflect study area situation, for example, soil and event storm and sediment and so on. In fact this program established scale transition partly.(2)The loess plateau in north china is located in the middle yellow river basin, and records some of the highest erosion rates in the world. The hilly part of the loess plateau is one of the most severely eroded regions of the loess plateau.

基于此本论文选择陕北大理河流域为对象，依据黄河支流的水文资料，分析了不同尺度大小流域的水沙侵蚀资料，取得以下结果：(1)发现就次暴雨洪水而言，各尺度流域出口的径流泥沙过程都表现为洪峰陡涨陡落沙蜂陡涨缓落，含沙量随流量增大到一定程度1.27m／s时变化趋于稳定，保持在400kg／m~3以上，决定了该地区水沙之间的关系，不同尺度大小流域出口暴雨洪水的水沙关系在一定程度上是一个区域特征值。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。