洞穴

Generally, the figure of the one in the cave is smaller, the growing speed is very slow and the season growing is not obvious, mainly because of lack of food and the low temperature (around 15℃) in the karst cave water. In the numerable characters, the anal fin, scale of encircle tail and gill raker of the one in the cave are in the tendency of increasing so as to adapt to the narrow water passage in the karst cave, while the length of the cave Cyprinus carpio is lengthening comparing with the one on the surface.

结果表明：从总体看洞穴鲤鱼的体形比地表鲤鱼小，生长速度缓慢，季节生长不明显，主要影响因子是洞穴内食物贫乏和水温较低（15℃左右）；在可数性状中，洞穴鲤鱼的臀鳍条、围尾柄鳞和鳃耙有增多趋势，即增加了感觉细胞的附着基底；为适应洞穴水流域的狭窄通道，洞穴鲤鱼的体长相对地表鲤鱼而言有延长现象。

Through the comparison between at home and abroad, caving has developed on the stage of mature, organization and implementation of caving is perfect, the participants includes not only professional researchers but also a avocational lovers, the caving in our country is in its developing stage, and the caving technology and equipments are backward, caving security system is not complete, the participants are only the professional researchers and has not reach the stage which is popular.

通过对国内外洞穴探险发展的对比研究，指出洞穴探险在国外已经发展到了成熟阶段，洞穴探险的组织实施以及洞穴探险保障体系也发展地较为完善，参与洞穴探险的不仅仅是洞穴研究人员，更多的是业余的洞穴爱好者。

Several results have been achieved as followings: 1. The response of stable carbon isotope in karst cave system to surface climate and environment This index can distinguish origin forest from other vegetation, but cannot distinguish transitional eco-environment such as bosk, grassplot and rocky desertification.

洞穴系统稳定碳同位素对地表气候环境的响应通过对4个不同生境洞穴系统的研究，认为洞穴系统稳定碳同位素可以很好地将原始森林植被同其它植被类型区分开；但是不能很好地区分植被退化的过渡类型如灌丛、草坡以及石漠化等。

L. spelaea, known as the European cave lion, Eurasian cave lion, or Upper Pleistocene European cave lion, occurred in Eurasia 300,000 to 10,000 years ago.

湖spelaea ，被称为欧洲洞穴狮子，欧亚洞穴狮子，或晚更新世欧洲洞穴狮子，发生在欧亚30万至1万年前。

The study history of cave invertebrate in China is summarized in this paper. We list new species of Chinese troglobiotic invertebrate found over the past twenty years, and two types of cave invertebrate are divided according to the differences of the habitat: terrestrial community and aquatic community. The review also emphasizes the current research on Arachnolida, Diplopoda, Insecta, Crustacea and Castropoda.

本文介绍了我国洞穴无脊椎动物研究的简史，列出了近20多年来我国发现的真洞穴无脊椎动物种类，并根据栖息环境的不同，将洞穴无脊椎动物划分为陆生群落和水生群落；着重介绍了蛛形纲、重足纲、昆虫纲、甲壳纲、腹足纲的研究现状。

In 2004, the penetrated depth was increased on each of three expeditions, when a Ukrainian team crossed the 2000-meter mark for the first time in the history of speleology . In October 2005, an unexplored part was found by the CAVEX team, further increasing the known depth of the cave.

而在2004年当一支乌克兰探险队穿过该洞穴2000米深度的标志时，该洞穴探测到的深度在洞穴学历史上第一次被刷新到新的深度。2005年10月，一支名为 CAVEX 的探险队探寻了该洞穴另一处为探明的地方，再次进一步刷新了该洞穴的实际深度。

Imagine a number of men living in an underground cavernous chamber, with an entrance open to the light extending along the entire length of the cavern, in which they have been confined from their childhood, with their legs and necks so shackled that they are obliged to sit still and look straight forwards, because their chains render it impossible for them to turn their heads round: and imagine a bright fire burning some way off, above and behind them, and an elevated roadway passing between the fire and the prisoners, with a low wall built along it, like the screens which conjurors put up in front of their audience, and above which they exhibit their wonders.

让我们想象一个洞穴式的地下室，它有一长长通道通向外面，可让和洞穴一样宽的一路亮光照进来。有一些人从小就住在这洞穴里，头颈和腿脚都绑着，不能走动也不能转头，只能向前看着洞穴后壁。让我们再想象在他们背后远处高些的地方有东西燃烧着发出火光。在火光和这些被囚禁者之间，在洞外上面有一条路。沿着路边已筑有一带矮墙。矮墙的作用象傀儡戏演员在自己和观众之间设的一道障，他们把木偶举到屏障上头去表演。

The deposit of CaCO3 is the main appreciating perspective in Fu Rong Cave. But because CaCO3 lacks of the ability of resisting interference, and the activities of human being has increased, the environment of the cave has variated since Fu Rong Cave was open to the tourists.

芙蓉洞自开放以来，由于人类活动导致洞穴环境发生变异，从而引起洞穴景观受到不同程度的破坏，旅游价值逐渐降低，可持续能力减褪旅游洞穴环境研究的核心就是研究&人&与&洞&这一对矛盾，即人类活动会对洞穴带来什么样的影响。

Spelunking is the exploration of caves as a hobby, including measuring and mapping caves and reporting on the plants or other things that grow in them.

洞穴探勘是一项嗜好，即为探索、勘查洞穴，内容包括测量及绘制洞穴图，并记录洞穴内的植物或其他的生物。

The Bodhisattva was engraved in Cave 7. The rare seen Shiva Statue in Yungang with eight arms and four heads and riding on a bull is illustrated in Cave 8. Cave 9 and Cave 10 are notable for front pillars and figures bearing musical instruments.

菩萨则在7号洞穴。8号洞穴中有在云冈极为罕见的四头八臂骑牛的摩醯首罗天的雕像。9号洞穴和10号洞穴以前室门拱和持有乐器的任务形象著名。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。