洞

You tourists, the area where we are now are the area of the cave. By the roadside is Barn swallow hole. This hole goes through the Yangtze River and was named swallow hole Because of too much Swallow inside. Lack of repairs in long-term, it has been dust-laden for a long time and occupied by the bats. People can hardly enter it.

各位游客，我们现在所在的景区就是溶洞分布景区了，路边这个洞口便是燕子洞洞口，此洞直通长江，因洞内燕子较多，故成为燕子洞，现因长久未修，洞内已尘封多时，为蝙蝠占据栖息，人难以入内。

Taking cave systems under different vegetation in guizhou karst area as study objects, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution of stable carbon isotope in karst cave system. Vegetation of Liangfeng cave, Qixing cave, Xiniu cave and Jiangjun cave are respectively origin forest, bosk, grassplot and rocky desertification.

本论文在贵州岩溶地区选择了上覆植被分别为原始森林、灌丛草坡、草坡和石漠化的凉风洞、七星洞、犀牛洞、将军洞作为研究对象，对岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的时空演化规律进行了详细的分析，得出以下几点认识：一。

Double eagle A score of three under par for a single hole(Copied from FanE.cn). Same as "albatross"

等洞方：比赛时，当一方领先的洞数与待打的洞数相等时，该一方被称为"等洞方"。

A very complicated underground cavern system located in the thin mountain body on the left bank of the Xiaoliangdi Project is composed of a number of underground structures, including 3 orifice tunnels, 3 sediment tunnels, 3 free surface flow tunnels, 6 headrace tunnels, 3 tailrace tunnels, underground powerhouse, transformer chamber, draft tube gate chamber and also many tunnels for grouting, drainage, access and other uses.

小浪底工程左岸单薄分水岭山体的地质条件复杂，地层为砂岩夹有薄层泥岩，主要断层有F28、F461、F236、F238和F240。在左岸山体中布置有3条孔板洞、3条排沙洞、3条明流洞、6条引水洞、3条尾水洞、地下厂房、主变室、尾闸室以及为数众多的灌浆洞、排水洞、施工洞等，形成非常复杂的地下洞室群系统。水库蓄水后左岸山体出现了远大于原先估计的渗流量。

Results show that amplitude of displacement excited by vertical incidence wave is larger than that excited by inclined incidence wave and not influenced greatly by the incidence angle. In vertical incidence, amplitudes of displacement of two points at the same altitude along each cavern are basically identical and maximum relative displacement occurs between top and bottom point of the cavern. While in the case of inclined incidence, displacement amplitude on sides meeting the wave is larger than that on leed sides, and maximum relative displacement occurs on left skewback and bottom of the cavern.

结果表明，位移幅值受入射角度的影响不敏感，竖直入射比斜入射情况要大；竖直入射时，各洞室两侧同一高程处的位移幅值基本相同，相对位移差最大部位为洞顶与洞底，而斜入射时迎波面比背波面一侧位移大，且相对位移差最大部位为洞室迎波面的左拱座与洞底。

The spirit table Xumi place and above the palace wall's stone banket the vulture has the volume grass, the fierce lion, the warrior, to ride the deer, the unicorn, the marine animals, the horse, the sheep, as well as dances in the air the tuck dive to smoke like a chimney flies in circles the dragon and the lifelike scenery character and so on.

神台须 弥座和殿墙的石护脚上面雕有卷草、猛狮、武士、骑鹿、麒麟、水兽、马、羊、以及飞舞翻腾吞云吐雾的翔龙和惟妙惟肖的山水人物等。在五乳峰离绝顶数十米的地方，有一深约5米，宽约3米的天然石洞，这就是达摩面壁九年处，人称&达摩洞&。相传达摩到少林寺后曾在此洞内面壁九年，由于年深日久，身影投于洞内石上，竟留下了一个面壁姿态的形象，衣褶皱纹隐约可见，宛如一幅淡色的水墨，人们把这块石头称为&达摩面壁影石&。后寺僧唯恐影石有失，将影石凿下放入少林寺。洞前现存有明代万历年间石坊一座、明代苏民望题七绝诗一首，洞内还有达摩、慧可石雕像等。

During the process of the fore mentioned analyses, some tentative works as follows were done.(1)On the basis of the fundamental of spatial analytic geometry, the basic method for displaceable block searching was put forward and the relevant program was written. With this program one can easily search out all the displaceable blocks and omitting of blocks, which is very common in searching blocks manually, can be avoided.(2)The coefficient of stability of blocks with failure mode II-2(that is, sliding on a single sliding surface, but confined by near intersecting line )was deduced.(3)The multi-cavern effect of Laxiwa underground caverns was studied on the assumption that all of the caverns were full face tunneled at the same time.(4)The stability classification scheme of rock mass surrounding large scale underground caverns was established. In addition to inherit the merits of the method of engineering geological

在完成上述工作的过程中，本论文主要在以下几个方面进行了一些探索：①基于空间解析几何原理，提出了块体搜索的基本思路并编制出相应的程序，基本实现了块体搜索的自动化，既大大缩短了块体搜索时间，又能防止因人工搜索引起的遗漏；②推导出Ⅱ-2型(单滑面滑动，但受侧限面约束)块体的稳定性系数计算公式；③以数值模拟方法论证了拉西瓦地下厂房洞室群全断面一次开挖时群洞效应的具体特点；④以岩体质量、开挖效应、群洞效应和次生灾害效应为评价指标，建立了&大型地下洞室群围岩稳定性分类&方案；该方案既继承了水电行业规范&围岩工程地质分类&法的优点，又综合考虑了大型地下洞室群的工程特点。

The blasting excavation ways are the other factor of affecting overbreak as well as underbreak in the openings. So far, the research about the effect of blasting excavation to overbreak as well as underbreak is not be reported in the domestic. The openings perimeter shape that is be affected by blasting is researched from the angle of rock rupture.

论文旨在从岩体的破坏机理出发，对裂隙岩体开挖后的洞室周边分数维进行研究，提出了裂隙岩体洞室开挖周边的广义分数维模型，并且对不同影响参数与洞室周边分数维之间的关系进行分析，从分形理论的角度建立洞室周边广义分数维与洞室超挖之间的关系，从而建立了以岩体破裂机理为基础的超欠挖与广义分数维之间的关系。

It is China's largest rare earth granite cave, deep twists and turns, the holes have holes, on the outside there are holes, the hole on the hole.

它是我国最大、世上罕见的花岗岩山洞，幽深曲折，洞中有洞，洞外有洞，洞上有孔。

The entrance section of FuXi Double-arched Tunnel is modeled in the fact of factual shallow buried and unsymmetrical pressure condition. Adopting the three heading construction method to simulate twelve kinds of construction projects, confirm reasonable construction orders and left and right tunnel face interval, systematically analyze and research the changing law of the tunnel deformation and surrounding rock stress in soft and cracked condition of surrounding rock,bring forward pertinent advices against construction disease; Build the deep buried tunnel model in middle section of tunnel , separately adopt the central heading bench cut benching method and the central heading full cross method to simulate ten kinds of construction projects, establish the reasonable construction orders, sidestep length and tunnel face interval, which are due to the deep buried tunnel, systematically analyze and research the change law of the tunnel deformation and surrounding rock stress in the section with good surrounding rock condition, bring forward the reasonable construction projects which can make sure of construction safety and save construction time; Because the central wall is disturbed many times during constructing process, its displacement and stress distribution is very complex.

富溪隧道进口段依照实际的浅埋偏压状况建立模型，采用三导洞法开挖模拟了12种方案，确定了合理的施工顺序和左右主洞掌子面错距，系统地分析研究了软弱破碎围岩浅埋偏压段施工的隧道变形和围岩应力变化规律，提出了防止施工病害的针对性建议；洞身段按深埋隧道建立模型，分别采用中导洞台阶法和中导洞全断面法模拟了10种方案，确立了适合深埋隧道的合理施工顺序、台阶长度和掌子面错距，系统分析研究了围岩较好深埋段施工的隧道变形和围岩应力变化规律，提出了兼顾施工安全和节省工期的合理施工方案；由于受到多次扰动，中隔墙的位移和应力变化规律较为复杂，通过对各种方案的对比分析，得出了中隔墙在施工不同阶段的位移变化规律、应力变化规律和应力分布规律，尤其对于浅埋偏压段隧道施工时中隔墙位移和应力变化规律做了深入研究，提出了合理的施工建议。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。