泥火山

The research shows that in the Yinggehai basin, the formation of CO_(2) reservoir which is crust-sourced and crust-mental-mixed-sourced, mainly controlled by local action of hot fluid in the mud diapir area which is multi terms and multi zones and by physical-chemical mechanism of very thick marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone of Pliocene-Miocene. The volcano- and mantle-sourced CO_(2) in the Qiongdongnan basin and Pearl River Mouth basin is mainly controlled by volcanos activities and by the exist of large faults which reached to base to connect the gas from the mantle. According to different mechanism ang formation of reservoir os the the crustal rock-chemical genesis and volcano-and mantle-sourced CO_(2), we can follow the source of it, analysis and predict the migration and accumulation and distribution model of gas and espacially CO_(2), so as to help to make the plan of petroleum exploration and reduce the risk of exploration.

认为：莺歌海盆地壳源型及壳幔混合型CO2的形成及富集成藏，主要受控于泥底辟热流体晚期分层、分块和多期的局部上侵活动，和巨厚的上新统—中新统海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，且CO2运聚分布规律亦具多期和分层、分区的特点；琼东南盆地东部及珠江口盆地火山幔源成因型CO2则主要受控于幔源型火山活动和沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，CO2运聚富集规律与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO2主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所伴生的大量CO2；因此，根据壳源岩石化学成因型CO2与火山幔源成因型CO2不同成因机理及成藏条件，可以追踪CO2气源，可分析和预测天然气尤其是CO2的运聚分布规律，可为天然气勘探部署及决策提供依据，可减少和降低勘探风险。

It is shown that in the basins in the Eastern China, onshore and offshore, the formation of CO2 reservoir is crust-sourced and crust-mantal-mixed-sourced, mainly controlled by local activity of hot fluid into the mud diapir area in multi-phase and multi-zones in physical-chemical mechanism of very thick marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone of Pliocene-Miocene. The volcano- and mantle-sourced CO2 in the Qiongdongnan Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin is mainly controlled by magmatism and major faults which cut through the basements and link to the mantle gas.

研究表明，中国东部陆相断陷盆地与东海陆架盆地及南海北部陆架琼东南盆地东部和珠江口盆地的CO2气藏及高含CO2油气藏中CO2均属典型的火山幔源型成因，主要受控于幔源型火山活动脱气与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，其运聚富集规律及控制因素与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO2气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所脱出的大量原始CO2；南海北部陆架西区莺歌海盆地CO2气藏及中国东部陆相断陷盆地部分高含CO2油气藏中CO2，则属于壳源型及壳幔混合型成因，CO2形成及运聚成藏，主要受控于火山侵入活动对碳酸盐岩的烘烤和泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚的海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，其运聚分布规律具多期和分层分区的特点。

The study shows that in various continental downfaulted basins in eastern China,the China East Sea basin of the southeast sea region and the continental shelf—Qiongdongnan basin and Zhujiangkou basin—of the northern South China Sea,CO2 in CO2 reservoirs and CO2-rich oil/gas reservoirs is of typical volcanic mantle-derived type and that its migration and concentration is mainly controlled by mantle-derived volcanism and gas-conducting distribution of deep basement faults connected with the gas source at depth. CO2 is mainly sourced from substantial amount of CO2 associated with mantle-derived volcanism at the deep level of the crust. CO2 in the CO2 reservoirs and CO2-rich oil/gas reservoirs in the Yinggehai basin on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea is of crust origin and crust-mantle mixing origin and mainly controlled by local,layer-by-layer and zone-by-zone,multiple intrusion of late hydrothermal fluids in mud diapir areas and physico-chemical processes of very thick Pliocene-Miocene marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone.

研究表明，中国东部陆上诸断陷盆地与东南沿海海域的东海盆地及南海北部大陆架琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地CO2气藏及高含CO2油气藏中，CO2均属典型的火山幔源型成因，其运聚富集主要受控于幔源型火山活动与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，CO2气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动伴生的大量CO2；南海北部大陆架西区莺歌海盆地CO2气藏及含CO2油气藏中的CO2，属于壳源型及壳幔混合型成因，主要受控于泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学作用，其运聚分布具多期和分层分区的特点。

Silicalites, predominated by pelitic silicalite, occur in collisional zones and back-arc basins. In the collisional zones, they occur as rock sheet as an important part ofophiolitic mé lange, belonging to ophiolitic mélange type silicalite. In the back-arc or interarc basin, they occur as pelitic silicalite intercalation varying in thickness, characteristic of "silica merl",and belonging to abyssal back-arc basin type or carbonate type silicalite. In the magmatic arc, they occur as intercalation related to volcanic hydrotherm or volcalic exhalation, belonging to volcanic arc type silicalite.

在硅质岩方面：冈底斯构造带侏罗系硅质岩主要属泥质硅质岩，在各个碰撞结合带和弧后盆地中均有产出，主要的产出状态有：①在碰撞结合带中呈岩块产出，构成蛇绿混杂岩的重要组成部分，属蛇绿混杂岩型硅质岩；②在弧后或弧间盆地中呈厚度不等的泥质硅质岩夹层产出，常具"硅灰泥"特征，属弧后深水盆地型硅质岩；③呈夹层状产于弧火山岩系中，属火山热液或火山喷气型硅质岩。

Silicalites, predominated by pelitic silicalite, occur in collisional zones and back-arc basins. In the collisional zones, they occur as rock sheet as an important part ofophiolitic mé lange, belonging to ophiolitic mélange type silicalite. In the back-arc or interarc basin, they occur as pelitic silicalite intercalation varying in thickness, characteristic of "silica merl",and belonging to abyssal back-arc basin type or carbonate type silicalite. In the magmatic arc, they occur as intercalation related to volcanic hydrotherm or volcalic exhalation, belonging to volcanic arc type silicalite.

在硅质岩方面：冈底斯构造带侏罗系硅质岩主要属泥质硅质岩，在各个碰撞结合带和弧后盆地中均有产出，主要的产出状态有：①在碰撞结合带中呈岩块产出，构成蛇绿混杂岩的重要组成部分，属蛇绿混杂岩型硅质岩；②在弧后或弧间盆地中呈厚度不等的泥质硅质岩夹层产出，常具&硅灰泥&特征，属弧后深水盆地型硅质岩；③呈夹层状产于弧火山岩系中，属火山热液或火山喷气型硅质岩。

The eruptive pattern of the Chifeng phase is: Plinian column (the Chifeng pumice fall deposits)→pyroclastic flow (the Changbai pyroclastic flow deposits)-lahar mainly triggerd by pyroclastic flow. The eruptive pattern of the Yuanchi phase is from Plinian column (the Yuanchi pumice and ash fall deposits)→pyroclastic flow (the Bingchang pyroclastic flow deposits).

赤峰期喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱－火山碎屑流－火山泥流，主要由火山碎屑流诱发火山泥流；园池期火山喷发模式为：普林尼式喷发柱－火山碎屑流。

Many lives have been lost to the volcano's frequent eruptions, which are accompanied by high-speed pyroclastic flows and mudflows called lahars.

许多人的生命已经丧失由于火山频繁喷发，这是伴随着高速的火山碎屑流和泥流所谓的火山泥流。

Seepage activity is generally associated with the seafloor fractures and faults. Mud volcanes, pockmarks, hydrate, cold seep communities, and seep carbonate are common at the seep sites.

冷泉渗漏活动主要发育在海底裂隙和断层发育的地区，海底常有泥火山、麻坑、水合物、冷泉生物群落和冷泉碳酸盐岩的发育。

Idaho Falls - Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park Highlights include: Yellowstone Canyon, Mud Volcano, Mammoth Springs, Hot Springs, and "Old Faithful" Geyser

黄石国家公园黄石公园各处奇景包括：翡翠穴，白泥潭，黄石沟，矿泉梯，通心池，彩虹池，西瀑景，火焰山，斜岩岗，热雪田，曼默斯泉，自由帽，化石蓠，黄石峡谷，黄石瀑布，彩虹飞瀑，大辽园，龙口泉，泥火山，黄石湖以及世界七大奇景之一老忠实间歇泉。

Hot Springs, Rotorua North Island is the southern hemisphere's most famous mud volcanoes and hot springs.

北岛的温泉城---罗托鲁阿是南半球最有名的泥火山和温泉区。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。