波纹

Bellows is corrugated ring was closed circle of the tube-shaped shell, between the wave and the wave formed by a series of corrugated rings.

环形波纹管是波纹呈闭合圆环状的管形壳体，波与波之间由圆环波纹串联而成。

Criterion is proposed that the actual in-plane instability is determined by continuous expansion of plastic region of bellows and continuous deformation of corrugation.

提出了实际波纹管的平面失稳取决于波纹管塑性区域的持续扩展和波纹面的持续变形的判据。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

"You may create lots of splashes in your life, but the waves that come from those splashes will disturb the peace of all your fellow creatures," he said,"Remember that you are responsible for what you put in your circle and that circle will also touch many other circles."

"在生命的水面上，你可以溅起许多水花，而这些水花的波纹也会干扰到你周围众生的宁静。"祖父对我说，"记住，你需要对你所激起的波纹负责，因为它们会碰触到别人的波纹。"

The effects of elasticity of metal bellows on performance ofmechanical seals have been studied in detail for the first time, which has not been doneuntil now. Furthermore the relations between leakage rate, friction factor, wear rate andelasticity of bellows have been developed. These results have been verified by the teston the rig.

首次通过对焊接金属波纹管机械密封性能的理论分析，详尽探讨了波纹管弹力对机械密封性能的影响，得到了密封端面泄漏量、摩擦磨损系数与波纹管弹力关系的计算公式，并在机械密封性能的试验台架上通过了实验验证。

In usable length test, we have noted that there are some differences between the stretching and shrinkage behaviors of wall crimps under same pressure.

波纹化人造血管纵向顺应性的中测试即可用长度的测试，波纹在压力条件下展开和回缩存在差异，因此在测试时应特别注意加压的顺序避免由于波纹不能完全回复而引起的测试结果误差。

When temperature of the steam pipe goes up, the liquid volatilizes into gas, the size expands and produces pressure to impel bellows to stretch.

当蒸汽管线升温时，液体挥发成气体体积膨胀并产生压力推动着波纹管伸长，蒸汽管线降温达到易挥发的液体从气体转变成液体时体积缩收，波纹管内没有推动力，波纹管缩收。

The revolution bellows is idealized as a series of conical frusta, joined at nodal circles. The linear finite element analysis equation and the geometrical nonlinear finite element analysis equation in Total Lagrangian Formulation for the revolution bellows are derived using stationary total potential principle.

考虑到油罐刚度比波纹管刚度大的多，将油罐看作为刚体，将波纹管部分和管道部分分别用空间梁单元离散化，通过分析得到波纹管与油罐连接接合面、波纹管与管道连接接合面不同单元之间的位移协调约束方程，并用罚函数法进行处理。

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The equivalent stress nephograms, the variation rule of pipe displacement and stress on the bellow pipe under expansion were obtained. It was found that the stress and strain of the pipe were symmetrically distributed over the geometric shape of the pipe,the equivalent stresses and equivalent strains at different points of the pipe varied with the curvature radius.

模拟了井眼中波纹管的膨胀变形，得到了波纹管施工加压膨胀和井壁接触过程中的等效应力分布云图、波纹管的位移、应力变化规律，以及波纹管膨胀后和井壁的接触状况。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失