法院

In this way, case law is not only judge-made but also "attorney –influenced "law, We can say that the common law is the law that is created daily through the interaction of judges and attorneys in the courtrooms across the United States at all levels ,from local courts to the U.

在某种程度上，判例法并不仅仅是法院制定的法，而且也&律师影响下的法&我们可以说，普通法是法院和律师在各级法院的法庭上的互动产物。

In Ex parte McCardle (1869), the Supreme Court upheld a congressional statute withdrawing Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction to issue writs of habeas corpus even after the case had been orally argued to the Supreme Court.

因为这一例外条款，在1869年的Ex parte McCardle案中，最高法院支持了一项国会法律，这项法律撤回了最高法院关于签发人身保护令状的上诉管辖权，尽管这个案件已经在最高法院开庭审理。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

By analyzing of judicial interpretation, supreme court gazette and news report on administrative litigation, we find the practices of judge-made law in PR China until now are definitely healthy,reasonable and therefore acceptable.

通过对有关行政诉讼的司法解释、最高人民法院公报以及媒体报道的法院创新实践与案例的归纳、统计与整理，发现在我国，法院创制行政法规则的实践发展基本健康，法院已经通过自己的实践为自己划定了基本合理的&造法&边际，体现了一种共性特征。

This agreement and its enforcement shall be governed by the Laws of Hong Kong and its provisions shall be continuous; shall cover individually and collectively all accounts which the Client may open or re-open with the Company, and shall ensure to the benefit of, and bind the Company, the Company's successors and assigns, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, as well as the heirs, executors, administrators, legatees, successors, personal representatives and assigns of the Client and the Client hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of Hong Kong.

本协议及其执行须受香港法例规限，其规定持续有效，范围涵盖客户个别或全部在公司开设或重新开设之所有帐户，对公司、其继承人及承让人（不论为合并、综合或其他方面之承让人）、客户之继承人、遗嘱执行人、遗产管理人、遗产继承人、继任人、个人代表及承让人均有效及有约束力，而客户亦须接受香港法院之独有管辖权，如本协议被相关法院或机构认定为无效，客户与公司一致同意：如因本协议无效而形成的客户与公司之间的财产权益纠纷应由公司法定注册地所在法院管辖。

The case attracted a lot of interest, not least because one of the judges on the appeals-court panel that saw its previous decision in the lawsuit overturned was Sonia Sotomayor, Barack Obama's nominee to the top court.

本案吸引了众多关注，其中原因之一是下一级的申诉法院作出的决定此次被最高法院推翻，而申诉法院的法官中包括了索尼娅索托马约尔。

The case attracted a lot of interest, not least because one of the judges on the appeals-court panel that saw its previous decision in the lawsuit overturned was Sonia Sotomayor, Barack Obama's nominee to the top court.

本案吸引了众多关注，其中原因之一是下一级的申诉法院作出的决定此次被最高法院推翻，而申诉法院的法官中包括了Sonia Sotomayor。

They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

在美国宪法生效后不久的1803年，最高法院大法官马歇尔在马伯利诉麦迪逊案中，确立了美国联邦最高法院的违宪审查权，即法院有权判断国会的立法是否与宪法的精神相违背，从而可以宣布国会的立法合宪或者无效。

Decisions of small claims courts and municipal courts may be appealed to a state trial court of general jurisdiction.

小额索赔法院和市镇法院的判决可以上诉至具有普遍管辖权的州初审法院。

If heard in a state trial court, the case is appealed to that state's intermediate appellate court or, if none exists, to the state's final appellate court.

如果是在州审判法院审理的案件，则可以上诉到那个州的中级上诉法院，如果不存在的话，由州的高级上诉法院审理。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。