法院

The U.S. Supreme Court is the final appellate court in the federal system.

在联邦法院系统中最高法院是最后的上诉法院。

Supreme Court and of most of the state appellate courts can be found in the official reporter of the respective courts.

美国最高法院和大多数上诉法院的判决录都能在各自法院的官方汇编中找到。

Supreme Court is the final appellate court in the federal system.

联邦法院系统中，美国最高法院是最后的上诉法院。

Each countries have made different regulations for the judicial supervision of commercial affairs. Anglo-American Law System are greatly defferent from Continental Law System. Countries with Anglo-American Law System often endow with more rights of supervision and intervention to the courts, however, in the Continental Law System countries, the courts usually dont intervene in the work out of the arbitrament. But with the development of the arbitration, the court has change its participant degree from more supervision and less support to limited supervision and positive support.

世界各国对商事仲裁司法监督的规定各有不同，英美法系国家与大陆法系国家对此的规定就有较大差别，英美法系国家通常赋予法院以较大的监督权和干预权，在大陆法系国家，法院一般不干预仲裁裁决的作出，但随着仲裁的不断发展，法院对仲裁的参与程度基本上都从较多的监督、较少的支持转变为有限的监督、积极的支持。

The High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court.

英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。

The actualities of litigious mediation consist of institution, policy and activity of mediation.

法院调解的现状包括法院调解的制度、法院调解的政策、法院调解的实际活动三方面的因素。

Primary design: firstly, by reforming the judiciary selecting system, establishing the judiciary stuff quotient system and strengthening judiciary training system, we will improve the diathesis of our judiciary procession and realize the professionalizing and homogeneity of judiciary procession; secondly, by reforming court management and the deployment of the power in the court, and establishing profession safeguarding system, we will realize judiciary are independent; mirdly, by reforming personnel management, implementing to manage the judge by sequence, and perfecting the judge merit and rewards and punishment system, we will realize the judicial aim: equity and efficiency.

主要构想：一是通过改革法官遴选制度、建立法官员额制、强化法官培训制度，以提高我国法官队伍素质，实现法官队伍精英化、专业化、同质化：二是通过改革法院管理体制，改革法院内部权力配置、建立法官职业保障制度，以实现法官独立；三是通过改革法院人事管理制度，实行法院人员分序列管理，完善法官考核、惩戒制度，以实现公正与效率的司法目标。

The Court of Appeal's abstention from reading and interpreting the SFPT to determine the existence of Petitioners' fundamental Constitutional rights is especially troubling, given the Court's statement that, e do not disagree with Appellants' assertion that we could resolve this case through treaty analysis and statutory construction,...

肆、美国曾经有法院判决，大鹿解释宪法的案子，都有政治上的涉及，而解释条约也有同样的情况，法院的任务是要从法律的角度去审理，不是从政治角度去审理，美国法院有权力解释总统所签的协议书，而且，法院也经常解释国会通过的法律内涵。

On the basis of analyzing the application of long-arm jurisdiction to internet cases by the U.S. courts, the authors suggest: firstly, though internet cases have their own characteristics and challenge the traditional rules of jurisdiction, the challenge itself should not be overestimated, and the traditional rules are still applicable to internet cases; Secondly, as regard to the model of jurisdiction of internet cases, the European model which emphasizes on the physical location is hard to make vo...

在分析研究了美国法院将传统长臂管辖权理论运用于网络案件的有关实践后，作者指出：尽管网络案件有其特殊之处，对传统的管辖权提出了一定的挑战，但不应夸大其对传统管辖权的冲击，传统的管辖权规则仍可适用于网络案件；就网络案件管辖权模式而言，强调物理联系因素的欧洲模式难堪重任，而强调被告是否与法院地间形成了某种程度的联系，根据企业所使用的语言、货币、法律选择、拒绝交易声明以及实施特定交易等，考察被告的活动是否针对法院地，是否与法院地形成了某种&有意利用&关系的美国模式更符合管辖权模式的未来发展趋势。

In state court systems, trial courts, or courts of original jurisdiction, are distributed throughout the state, usually by county.

在州法院系统中，审判法院或初审法院在各州是普遍存在，这些法院通常按县建立。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。