法线

With the relations between the output of the former interface and the input of the latter, double refraction and/or double internal reflection in a crystal along two and multiple successive interfaces can be calculated.

并讨论了在晶体内沿多个面的连续双折射双反射，分析了前一界面输出量和后一界面输入量之间的联系，得到多次双折射双反射后的光线方向和光波法线方向。

Then with the relations between the output of interface 1 and the input of interface 2, double refraction and/or double internal reflection in a crystal along two successive interfaces can be calculated.

在惠更斯定理的基础上，对从空气到晶体的折射、从晶体到空气的折射、近光轴入射的晶体全内反射和近光轴反射的晶体全内反射这四种单个界面上的双折射双反射情况，给出了同时适用于o光和e光的光线方向和光波法线方向的普遍公式。

The general formulation of double refraction or internal double reflection with different directions of propagation vector and wave vector in a uniaxial crystal is analyzed in terms of the Huygens principle.

并讨论了在晶体内沿多个面的连续双折射双反射，分析了前一界面输出量和后一界面输入量之间的联系，得到多次双折射双反射后的光线方向和光波法线方向。

In order to reduce distortions of map projection, a new map projection according to the normal of ellipsoid surface is proposed in this paper.

为更大幅度地减小地图投影变形，提出了按椭球面法线投影的一种新的地图投影方法。

It also shows that the peak value of the emissivity is sometimes far away from the normal direction.

同时也发现，它的发射率峰值有时在远离法线的区域。

The paper induces and analyzes research method of the tooth, including Method line of the tooth theory,Envlopment theory, Camus theory, Circling cluster theory and so on.Based on the past theories,the new measure to deduce the chain wheel tooth equation of roller chain at high speed,Circling cluster and envlopment theory,is proposed by analyzing basic concept of equidistant curve and Willis theory.Following the presentation of drawing lessons from traditional roller chainof the change of stanza line distance. A new type of roller chain at high speed is given in the paper.The paper studies deeply structural characteristics, the change of stanza line distance,separation between plank and bore and so on.According to design requst of roller chain at high speed and the study ofH_y--V_0 tooth chain,the impossibility that Quasi-conjugage engagement theory isrealized by the engagement of roller chain at high speed from the aspect of theory is decribed.

作者综述了高速滚子链国内外研究现状，并进行了以下研究工作：归纳分析了齿形法线法理论、包络法理论、卡姆士定理、圆族法理论等齿形研究方法，在此基础上，结合齿形啮合基本定律，分析了等距曲线的基本概念，提出了一种推导高速滚子链链轮齿廓方程的新方法—圆族包络法；在借鉴普通变节距滚子链的基础上，本文提出了一种新型的高速滚子链链条，深入研究了高速滚子链链条结构特性及其变节距、板孔中心分离等特性。

By the procedure, we first use the cosine values of the angle between view vector and normal vector on each vertex as the texture coordinates, through calculation of the dot product of the two vectors. The derivative of radial curvature on the model surface is used as the second pass texture mapping coordinates, by a calculation using Euler formula.

该方法首先通过模型顶点的视线向量和法线向量的点乘积计算其夹角的余弦值，作为第一步的纹理坐标进行映射；再通过欧拉公式计算径向曲率及其方向导数值，作为第二步映射的纹理坐标。

When the exterior normal is opposite to the coordinate axis, then the positive stress components are in the opposite directions of the coordinates.

当外向法线和坐标轴相反时，正的胁强分量就是沿着和坐标轴相反的方向的。

The ray corresponding to the wave surfaces tangent to the ellipsoids is deviated even though the incident ray is normal to the surface, and is called the extraordinary ray.

椭球次级波面的切线的光偏离了入射线与折射线的法线方向，将它称为非常光。

According to the equation of asymptotic curves, a family of nonlinear asymptotic curves are given to the principal normal surface.

根据渐近曲线的方程，具体给出主法线曲面的一族非直线的渐近曲线。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。