法线

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection.

在反射线和法线间的角称为反射角。

T: Yes, when a light ray is incident upon a reflecting surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

当光线射到界面上，反射角等于入射角；入射光线、反射光线与法线在同一个平面内。

The angle of refraction, r, is the angle between the refracted ray and the surface normal.

折射角 r 是折射光线和表面法线间的夹角。

Through finding a best fitting spherical surface, making the maximum deviation between aspheric surface and the best fitting spherical surface minimum, the maximum deviation at this time is just the maximum asphericity of aspheric surface.

寻找最接近球面，使其沿法线方向与非球面的最大偏离量最小，此时的最大偏离量即为非球面的最大非球面度。

Both of them are the normal distance of the tangent plane at the check point on the limit state surface in the generalized stochastic space and the asymptotic formula for Laplace''s integral respectively.

提出了利用广义随机变量空间失效极限状态曲面上验算点处切平面法线和Laplace型积分渐近公式两种确定任意分布的荷载变量相关下结构的可靠指标的新方法，改进了现行防波堤失效概率计算理论。

The new tyPe ERA will achieve Protection effect is: in the case of small normal angle (e wt0 o ) can defend large calibre anOLIrrpiercing Projectile, larg calibre shaPed chnye and near calibre tandem wthe miniStryThe emPhses is to stUdy defend lnye calibre artnour9iercing Proectile, specially aPply to protect tank barbette.

新型反应装甲要达到的防护效果是，在小法线角（θ=40°）的情况下，能防御大口径穿甲弹、大口径破甲弹，兼防近口径串联破甲战斗部，重点是研究对大口径穿甲弹的防护，特别适用于坦克炮塔的装甲防护。

Via sdrilared new mpe ERA resistCd l0 smooth steel Proectile perfOnnance test, the local protectwh coeffician calculated is 3.5l4, Which is Proved tha new tyPe ERA can camed ollt defend large calibre imourTiercing Proectile of init1al velocity is l700In/s in the case of small normal ange, and can achieve tactics technique gUide line, comPletely Anfil tank barbette debo large calibre annourrpiercing prOJecti1e request.

通过模拟新型反应装甲抗100滑钢弹的抗弹性能试验，计算其局部防护系数达到3.514，证明了所设计的新型反应装甲能够实现小法线角防御初速为1700m/s的大口径穿甲弹，能够达到战术技术指标要求，满足坦克炮塔对大口径穿甲弹的防御。

Discusses algebraically and geometrically the properties of the ruled surfaces in the Euclidean three-space, especially, the principal normal surfaces on which there are some special curves, such as Mannheim curves, Bertrand curves and general helices.

在三维欧氏空间中，作为特殊曲线，Mannheim曲线、Bertrand曲线以及一般螺线具有良好的几何和代数性质。讨论了三维欧氏空间中特殊曲线的主法线曲面。

In this paper,singularity is used to study the classification of singularities of the binormal curves and focal surfaces of a spacelike in Minkowski 3-space,and also establish the relationships between singularities of these and geometric invariants of curves under the action of Lorentzian group.

应用奇点理论方法对三维Minkowski空间内由空间型曲线生成的副法线标型和可展焦曲面的奇点进行了分类，并且研究了在Lorenzian群作用下的空间型曲线的几何学不变量同这些奇点之间的关系。

The birefraction filter is also designed to get satisfying output-parameters. At last, the Ti:sapphire laser with flat-flat resonant cavity is pumped with the pumping source at 532nm. The pumping source is got from the frequency doubling of Nd:YAG laser.

对调谐元双折射滤光片进行了设计，采用厚度比为1：2：10的三片组合型双折射滤光片，最薄晶片厚度d 1 = 0.45mm，光轴与滤光片法线方向呈90度角，以使系统的输出参数达到预期的要求。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。