法系

With the development of victimology and the movement of protecting victims, in order to protect legal rights and interests of victims, many countries have balanced procedural rights between the victim and the defendant, instead of the early concentrating on that of the defendant.

无论是被害人享有较高诉讼地位的大陆法系国家，还是被害人诉讼地位相对较低的英美法系国家，纷纷通过立法加强在刑事程序上对被害人的保障。

Make with good intention, continent law and Great Britain American and French department one important system of civil law.

善意取得，是大陆法系与英美法系民法中的一项重要制度。

By means of sorting out and analyzing contrastively legislative precedents of different countries in the world, we know that the civil law system is adapt to the legal capital system, which is limited about the contribution by shareholders, such as labor services and credit; the Anglo-American law system is more flexible, there are some principles ,such as real value, goodwill, pierce the veil on the company, to protect the creditor; Moreover, the objects of the contribution by shareholders in our country are analyzed in details compassing currency contribution and non-currency contribution (tangible assets and intangible assets) contribution.

1通过对比世界各国立法，可以看到：大陆法系国家大多奉行法定资本制，对劳务、信用等出资形式严格限制，英美法系国家则一般对出资内容的规定较灵活，但又辅之以真实价值、善意、揭开公司面纱等原则，用以保障债权人交易安全；(2)股东出资之标的物从总体上可以分为两大类：货币出资和非货币出资(包括有形财产出资和无形财产出资)。

Part four, the author gives some advice of perfecting the system of Chinese Counterclaim, which is the important part in the paper .In this part, the author introduces the system of counterclaim in other countries and makes comparison with Chinese counterclaim. On the basis of comparison, the author concludes that we should absorb the advantages of the two law system and perfect Chinese counterclaim from four aspects. That is to say prefect the premise for accusation, divide the compellent counterclaim and discretionary counterclaim, the instance for counter-counterclaim, the trial of claim and counterclaim and so on.

在这一部分，在涉及到反诉的相关制度时，笔者首先对英美法系和大陆法系的有关规定做以简要介绍，然后再与我国的有关规定进行对比，从中寻找可以为我国可以借鉴、吸收的相关理论和制度，并进而提出对我国反诉制度进行完善的具体构想，笔者主张从完善反诉提起的条件，对反诉的种类进行强制性反诉和任意性反诉的区分、界定提起再反诉的具体情况、反诉的审理四个大的方面来进行重构，而对于反诉提起的条件又从实质条件、程序条件和法定条件三个方面进行了详细的论述。

All the differences are because of the different development of law history in two main law systems. As Dama?

第三章总结了大陆法系以及英美法系的民事诉讼证明标准各自的特征以及相互的比较。

Purging of hypotheca is an important legal institution dealing with the problem of trans—formation of hypothecated properties in civil law countries,esp.in French jura in re laws.

涤除制度是大陆法系尤其是法国法系担保法中处理抵押物转让问题的传统的法律制度。

This chapter analyze how to judge the Starting time of res judicate in civil law system.

从大陆法系的理论出发，分析了既判力基准时的确定，即大陆法系通说认为既判力的基准时在事实审言词辩论终结之时。

Chapter 3: function of procedural justice to criminal evidence lawThis chapter explains the reason that procedural justice can legitimatize criminal evidence law.

第二部分围绕程序正义的基本理论问题展开，首先就程序正义的价值问题对国外有关程序正义的理论发展状况进行了介绍与评述，以揭示人们为什么需要程序正义这一问题；其次在他人研究的基础上提出了程序正义的形式层面与实质层面的几个标准，这些标准是作为程序正义的最低限度要求来发挥作用的；最后对程序正义与英美法系的正当程序原则和大陆法系的法治国家程序原则之间的关系进行了归纳总结，并指出程序正义在不同的文化背景下具有一种普遍性。

A comparison is made the laws on debts transfer among the Civil Law Systems and the Common Law Systems. The author presents problems of debts transfer during the process of the SOEs' systematic reformation and reorganization through nomological and doctrinal analysis. Finally, the author provides legislative and judiciary suggestions and concrete measures to standardize the reorganization, protect the rights and interests of creditors, and prevent the state-owned assets from losing.

笔者对债务转移的概念、分类和生效要件进行了详细的阐述，对大陆法系和英美法系的有关债务转移的法律规制进行了比较研究，对我国国有企业重组改制中的债务转移问题，从法理上、学理上进行了分析，指出了国有企业重组改制存在的问题，为规范国有企业重组改制的行为，保护债权人的利益，防止国有资产流失，提出了立法上和司法上以及具体操作上的具体对策。

Firstly, when interests which the coerced person has damaged overweigh threatening interests, the punishment can't generally be avoided.

英美法系、大陆法系国家刑法学中的被胁迫行为理论对胁从犯的立法完善具有一定借鉴意义。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。