法系

For the former,continental law system takes it as unauthorized agency,thatis,which can t generate the consequence of effect agency;For the latter,continental law system names it as agency by estoppels regarded as the agency of authorized agency.

对于前者，大陆法系理论界通称为狭义的无权代理，即不发生属于有效代理的法律后果；对于后者，则称为表见代理，表见代理即被视为有代理权之无权代理，将发生与有权代理一样的法律后果。

In the statements on the concept of the potential damage in the theory of criminal law of continental law system, there exist three different footholds, i.e.

在大陆法系和我国刑法理论关于危险犯的表述中，主要是从处罚根据、犯罪成立和犯罪既遂三个不同的角度来给危险犯下定义。

The classical Roman law established an obligatio - contractus system with formalism and numerus clausus as the key features of contract; the medieval glossators accepted this model and redefined the contract with the doctrine of causa; the French law family continued this tradition and made the doctrine of causa the...

古典罗马法以形式主义和类型法定为契约概念的特质，构建了债一契约的制度模式；中世纪注释法学家遵循这一模式，以原因理论重构了合同的概念，这一传统为法国法系继受，使原因理论成为破译其合同概念及相关制度设计的密码；在德国，自然法理论、理性法学和历史法学结亲，以法律行为理论重组合同的要素，使其含义在历史上再一次发生根本性断裂；20世纪以后，制度的变迁又催生了新的合同说明模式。

In order to discover the thread of though andfind out the internal relations of the many theories concerning theobject of action,in this chapter the author discusses the theories incivil law countries such as Germany and Japan according to theirhistoric order.

为了在流派林立、观点杂芜的诉讼标的理论学说中理出一个清析的脉络，找出它们之间的师承关系和内在联系，本部分按照诉讼标的理论学说发展的历史过程，对德、日为代表的世界大陆法系民事诉讼标的理论分别进行了全面的考察。

In thefirst place,the author eriticizes the confusion of conflicts of actions incivil procedural law textbooks in our country.On the basis ofreference to the viewpoint in face in civil law countries,and based onsubstantive law theory concerning object of action,the author gives adetailed and deepened analysis of the possible theoretical andprocedural questions of objective conflict of civil actions.Then theauthor studies the definitions,conditions,procedures and the processof court decision-making about the alteration of theobject of action,and tries to construct a whole set of theoretical system concerningobjective conflicts of action and alteration of the object of action.

首先，本文批判了我国民事诉讼法教材中关于诉的合并概念的混乱现象，在借鉴世界大陆法系通行的理论观点的前提下，以诉讼标的理论实体法学说为基础，分析了客观的诉的合并的条件、种类，论述了客观诉的合并的审查与裁判的过程，对民事诉讼中客观的诉的合并可能涉及的诸多理论和程序问题进行了深入细致的分析；在此基础之上，进一步对诉讼标的的变更的含义、条件以及诉讼标的变更的程序和法院的裁判过程进行了研究，力图建立一套完整的客观的诉的合并和诉讼标的的变更理论体系。

Causation in tort law has puzzled scholars and judicators all over the world for more than one hundred years.

因果关系问题给两大法系法官和学者们带来的思维痛苦已逾百年。

A study of the mental conditon to the kinsfolks of coronary heart disease;2. The kinsfolk and inheritance rules of it not only contained the West capitalistic law minds,but had the traditional Chinese law principles too.

大清民律草案》是我国历史上第一部民法草案，其&亲属&、&继承&两编的规定中既有一定的西方资本主义法律精神，也承继了传统中华法系中以父系家族为本位的宗法思想。

While the Anglo-American law system stipulates innocent agent, which share some similarities with indirect principal offender in the continental law system.

在大陆法系刑法中，此种类型的间接正犯是间接正犯的最典型、最基本的形态。

Thus, from perspectives of localization, justification, and functionalism, and taking reference ofthe "separation of subjects pattern "in civil law systems, it is suggested to reconstruct the administrative subjecttheory in modern Chinese aministrative law in a gradual way, in order to respond the current need of rule of lawin administration.

为此，我们需要从本土化、正当化和功能化三个层面，在借鉴大陆法系国家行政主体理论——&分权主体模式&——的基础上，重构中国现代行政法的行政主体理论，并以渐进的方式替代现有的行政主体理论，以期回应当下中国法治行政的需要。

Consequently, the power of free proof of evidence in rule-of-law nations was vested in judicial judges, in order to ensure the proof of facts in a right way in cases, which is called free proof and highly valued in countries of the Continental Law System as "foundations of findings of fact without prejudice, Magna Charta of principles of proof of evidence, and non -convertible choice of evidence system in its evolution".

因此，近代以来，法治国家为了保证具体案件中事实认定的正确，纷纷赋予事实审理者自由判断证据和自主认定事实的权力，由此在诉讼中确立了自由心证制度。在大陆法系国家，这一制度被广泛地誉为&无偏见的事实认定的基石、证据判断原则的大宪章、证据制度进化过程中的不可逆转的选择&。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。