法理社会

In its early development common law was largely a product of three English courts—King's Bench, Exchequer, and the Court of Common Pleas—which competed successfully against other courts for jurisdiction and developed a distinctive body of doctrine. The term "common law" is also used to mean the traditional, precedent-based element in the law of any common-law jurisdiction, as opposed to its statutory law or legislation, and also to signify that part of the legal system that did not develop out of equity, maritime law, or other special branches of practice.

关于普通法的历史基础和传统在英国法律史学家S·F·C·密尔松的《普通法的历史基础》和美国法理学家卡尔·N·卢埃林的《普通法的传统》中已经说得十分清楚，而对于普通法之所以有如此强大的生命力的根源以及普通法的精神，美国社会法学学派创始人、美国哈佛大学法学院院长罗斯科·庞德（Roscoe·Pound）则在其《普通法的精神》一书中进行了精辟的阐述。

This paper, prefaced by interpretation of Habermas' reason, tries to disclose essential decline of this critique as a theory of values. First, its reduction to sociology leads to its disjuncture with natural law; second, it lacks normal vision to measure the reason of law in its theoretical statements and social critiques; third, it seriously underestimates the legitimate basis of modern Western social regimes; and fourth, it takes aesthetic value criticism to replace legal critiques.

本文以哈贝马斯的省思为引导，揭示这种批判作为价值论设的根本失落：一、它的社会学还原导致其与自然法的纽带发生断裂；二、在理论陈述和社会批判中缺失打量法理性的规范性视野；三、严重低估西方现代社会体制的合法性基础；四、以审美主义的价值批判取代法理批判。

The writings of these authors established a series of concepts (e.g., status/contract; mechanical/organic solidarity; Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft; charismatic/bureaucratic-rational authority) that sought to describe the changes in social norms and relationships that took place as human societies made the transition from agricultural to industrial production.

这些作家的著作建立了一系列概念（比如，身份/契约、机械结盟/有机结盟、礼俗社会/法理社会、魅力权威/理性官僚权威等）企图描述人类社会在从农业生产到工业生产转变中发生的社会规范和关系的变化。

These representative definitions indicate that community scale and classifying criterion are the focuses of controversies. Ferdinand Tonnies had made a distinction from reality between two ideal types of social groups, community and society, or Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

2从这些较具代表性的社区定义中可以发现，社区规模和分类标准的确定无疑是争论的热点。F-腾尼斯用二分法，从人类结合的现实中抽象出两种理想类型：共同体与社会，又称"礼俗社会"和"法理社会"。

Yet, considering the objective environment of the Qing Dynasty, the existence of pawnbroking has its own social value: the majority of pawn line operating is in accordance with the law, pawnbroking is an indispensable aspect of the financial chain, and it is the main channel of government funds and social idle funds for its added value.

旧式典当业因为利率高、剥削严重而被人们视作典型的高利贷资本，若考虑到清代的客观大环境，自有其存在的社会价值，即：法理上，多数典当行依法经营；典当业是金融链条上不可缺少的一个环节；典当业是政府闲置资金和社会基金增值的主要渠道。

Although these three aspects all face their own difficulties to deepen the influences, the author lastly propose an optimistic legal feminism that does not focus on law's social effect or law's power to social change but on the reflexibility and possibility of prompt responses of legal feminism for social problems.

这三个面向使得作为法律继受国家的台湾，得以逐渐取得某程度的规范主体性，但也出现一些新的问题，亟待社会各界的努力。这问题包括法理重新建构的困难、法治推动的各方阻力、以及法意识上的落差。最后作者总结从法律多元主义的观点，提出一个乐观的女性主义法学，希冀从规范的「法社会创造」之观点，重新评价女性主义立法行动的积极意义。

From the point of views of market economy,legal principle of contract,autonomy of organization,public spheres and diversifying cultures,this paper expounds the basic characteristics of civil society,In order to lay a good foundation to ensure the healthy development of market economy and democratic politics,our government should energetical...

市民社会的基本特征，可以从市场经济、契约法理、组织自治、公共领域、多元文化五个方面系统地体现。我国政府应该大力推进不同于西方的社会主义市民社会的培育，为市场经济和民主政治的健康发展奠定良好的社会基础。

From the seal,half seal society transforms to the opening society,Transforms by the homogeneity sole society to the neterogeny diver sesociety,From ethics society to legal society,The countryside society's community structure,the system structure、the organizational structure、the benefit organization、the ideological structure all are plitted up gradually.

在改革开放和建设社会主义新农村的浪潮下，我国农村诸多领域发生着巨大的变化：从封闭、半封闭的社会向开放型社会转型；由同质单一型社会向异质多样型社会转型；从伦理社会向法理社会转型；农村社会的群体结构、体制结构、组织结构、利益机构、观念结构都在逐步分化。

However, Baudrillard did not discuss the legitimate of the consumer society in terms of the legal logic of normative demonstration, but criticize the consumer society on the practical analysis of semeiotics and the appeal of human authenticity.

内容提要：波德里亚已成为国内批判理解消费社会的理论基础，但是他不是从规范论证之法理逻辑的角度去讨论消费社会的合法性，而是从符号学的经验分析和人的本真性诉求去批判消费社会。

These representative definitions indicate that community scale and classifying criterion are the focuses of controversies. Ferdinand Tonnies had made a distinction from reality between two ideal types of social groups, community and society, or Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

2从这些较具代表性的社区定义中可以发现，社区规模和分类标准的确定无疑是争论的热点。F-腾尼斯用二分法，从人类结合的现实中抽象出两种理想类型：共同体与社会，又称&礼俗社会&和&法理社会&。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。