法治

The principle of reasonableness is to supervise the administrative discretion, and its meaning revolution is to better the supervision. In the second part, I will review the posture of "strict nomocracy"on the administrative discretion and point out that the common existence of administrative discretion is a fact, administrative discretion has a great effect on the individualized injustice and creative administration, the attitude that the administrative discretion is necessary a evil is metaphysical and is nocuous in the practice.

本文第二章将对严格法治主义对行政裁量权的态度做一检讨，指出，行政裁量权广泛存在是个不争的客观事实，行政裁量权对于实现个体正义和创造性行政具有重要意义，把行政裁量权视为必然的&恶&的观点是形而上学的，在实践中也是有害的。

Protection degree of electoral power is not only an important indication of scaling civilization degree and democratization degree for one country, but also a behaving form of nomothetic society and constitutional government.

选举权的保障程度既是衡量一个国家文明程度和民主化程度的重要标志，又是判断一个法治社会和宪政国家的重要标准。

And realistic Marxism ideological foundation which, simple modern government by law idea has from this principle, with aspects and so on Chinese society actual nomothetic science spirit, which in our country socialist legal system construction.

并从该项原则所具有的实事求是的马克思主义思想基础、朴素的现代法治理念，以及符合中国社会实际的立法科学精神等方面，论证了其在我国社会主义法制建设中得以立足的现实合理性。

A traditional approach to the legitimization of the organization of public administration in the modern states, which could be called Model of Legitimization through Democratic Representation, methodologically implies single-cause theory, ideal formal normalism and absolute constructive rationalism.

对待现代国家公共行政组织建构的合法化问题，有一种传统的形式法治主义主张，即&通过民主代议机关的合法化模式&。

A traditional approach to the legitimization of the organization of public administration in the modern states, which could be called Model of Legitimization through Democratic Representation, methodologically implies single-cause theory, ideal formal normalism and absolute constructive rationalism.

对待现代国家公共行政组织建构的合法化问题，有一种形式法治主义的主张，即通过民主代议机关的合法化模式。

America ; law society ; people ; psych ological recognition

美国；法治社会；民众；心理认知

From the 1980s to 2002,American law profess Marc Galanter wrote three empirical researcharticles.He through a large amount of data empirical materials,take a panamic view of the deionon the dynamic development of United States civil trial during that period.This research the analysis indicates that,in the context of case management,settlement mediation got me me recognition by judges, that has brought to a changing of judicial philosophy the pattern of civil justice,the Justice gradually diversified into the diversified dispute resolution mechanism,the trial litigation continuous decline, the role of litigation in contempary development of the rule of law law began to decrease.

美国著名法社会学家Marc Galanter教授从1980年代到2002年的三篇实证研究，通过大量数据和经验性资料对这一时期美国民事审判的动态发展做出了一种全景式的描述，其研究和分析表明，在案件管理的背景下，和解和调解越来越受到法官的认同，并带来了司法理念和模式的转变，司法逐步融入多元化纠纷解决机制之中，以致审判结案率和诉讼率整体持续下降，诉讼在当代法治和法律发展中的作用开始降低。

To realize the unity of the legal effect and social effect ,we should weigh the judicial activism and passivism , balance the values in order not only to solve the disputes but also to realize the rule of law .

追求法律效果与社会效果的统一要求我们在坚持司法能动与司法克制相平衡的哲学立场上，运用价值权衡的理念，实现司法的纠纷解决功能与规则之治的法治目标的统一。

According to the general principles of constitutionalism, legislation, administration and judicature have different properties in public law and different features in the degree of openness and activity. To really realize governance by law, flexible choices should be made between formal positivism and formal passivism according to the different properties and features of legislation, administration and judicature, which altogether depends on the CCP's putting itself in a modest position. Only in this way can the ultimate conception of the harmonious combination of political and legal values of governance by law come into reality.

从宪政的一般原理上看，立法、行政与司法在公法上具有不同的性质，并且在开放性、能动性等方面具有不同的特性，要真正实现依法执政就必须依照立法、行政与司法的不同性质与特点在形式积极主义与形式消极主义间进行灵活选择，而这一切端赖于中国共产党的自我谦抑立场，如此方可实现将依法执政的政治价值与法治价值这两种不同的价值目标进行和谐统合的终极构想。

Jiang Zemin proposed explicitly and elaborated penetratingly ruling nation by law, the policy of constructing socialism country under the rule of law.

江泽民同志在党的十五大报告中明确提出并精辟阐述了依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家的治国方略。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。