法律的原则

At the last part, the article brings forward the primary legislative thought to setup expert witness system in China, through the startup principle between expert witness system and evaluation system, status-at-law, relative procedures, adoptability of testimony, right and obligation of expert witness.

在本文的最后一部分，作者结合当前实际，从专家证人制度与鉴定制度之间的启动原则、专家证人的法律地位、专家证人制度需确立的有关程序规则及专家证人的权利义务、专家证言的采信标准等方面对中国专家证人制度的设立提出了初步的立法构想。

According to foreign countries and domestic environmental situation, the paper is proposed as an analysis to the issues listed above. It will put forward the feasibility of the improved one, some systematical demonstration such as on environment and resource definition, its new name and status in law scale, purpose of composing a law, basic rule and system. And last comes the improving proposal.

本文正是在这样的历史背景之下，结合国内外的环境现状，对我国现行《环境保护法》的现状和所存在的问题进行深刻的分析，并论证了对我国《环境保护法》进行修改的现实可行性，进而从环境与资源的概念、修改后我国环境保护法的名称及法律地位、立法目的、基本原则和基本制度等几个方面进行了系统的研究并提出本人相应的修改建议。

First, on the basis of the theory of fairness and efficiency in tax, expense deducting is analyzed referring to the juristic principle, which provides theoretical basis and reference for the adjustment in expense deducting system. Second, by the method of induction and comparing, the author analyzes and introduces the expense deducting system in other countries or regions. Third, defects which exist in current expense deducting system of individual income tax are demonstrated. At last, connected to the reform of patterns of individual income tax, relative suggestions regarding to the adjustment of expense deducting system in our country are put forward, which is adopting mixed tax jurisdiction. The two patterns of family tax and individual tax exist at the same time and family tax should be prevailing. These two patterns can be chosen by taxpayer voluntarily. Referring to the methods in other countries and regions, the items and standard of expense deducting of individual income tax should be improved.

首先以税收的公平和效率理论为基础，结合税收扣除的法律原则，对费用扣除进行分析，为我国的费用扣除制度调整提供了理论依据及参考；其次，运用归纳比较的方法，对国外的费用扣除制度进行了分析介绍；再次，论证了我国现行个人所得税费用扣除制度存在的缺陷；最后，本文结合个税税制模式的改革，提出调整我国费用扣除制度的相关建议：实行混合制；选择家庭课税和个人课税并存的模式，以家庭课税为主，由纳税人纳税时自愿选择；参考国外的做法，完善个人所得税费用扣除项目及标准。

In the Civil Law Family,the collateral guarantor'srights of defense mainly are related to the invalidity of the underlying contract,the revocability of the underlying contract,the right of offset,the concurrentconditions,"Einrede der Unsicherkei",the invalidity of the guarantee contract.the period of validity,the special terms of immunity from the guarantor's liabilityand beneficiam excussionis.Under the case law of the Common Law Family,thesituations in which the collateral guarantor can claim the rights of defense mainlyinclude the situation of non-fulfillment of the guarantee condition,the situationrelated to the extent of guarantor's liability,the situation under which the creditordidn't perform his obligations,the situation related to the appropriation ofpayments,the situations related to fulfillment of purpose of guarantee,thesituation related to the creditor's laches,the situation related to the loss ofsecurities held by the creditor,the situation related to the discharge of theprincipal debtor,the situation related to the creditor connivance in the default ofthe principal,the situation related to the discharge arising by operation of law andthe situation related to the fiduciary duty.

大陆法系中，从属保证人对债权人的抗辩权主要有：主债务无效抗辩权、主债务可撤销抗辩权、抵销抗辩权、同时履行抗辩权、不安抗辩权、保证合同无效抗辩权、保证期间抗辩权、特殊免责抗辩权以及先诉抗辩权等；根据英美法系国家的判例法，从属保证人能够主张抗辩权的情形主要有：保证责任条件不成就的抗辩、关于保证责任范围的抗辩、债权人不履行义务的抗辩、关于债务清偿分配的抗辩、保证目的已实现的抗辩、关于债权人懈怠的抗辩、关于债权人享有的担保权益丧失的抗辩、债务人的债务免除抗辩、债权人对债务人违约纵容的抗辩、法律适用导致保证责任解除的抗辩、就信托义务原则提出的抗辩。

Fundamental rule of economic law is the basic norm, the vivid embodiment of economic law value, the reflection of nature and regular pattern of economic law and the practice guiding principle that brings into play the economic law meritorious service capacity.

经济法的基本原则，是指贯穿于经济法的立法和具体适用等经济法律活动的始终而为经济法规范所遵循的基本准则，是经济法价值的生动体现，是对作为经济法主要调整对象的现代市场关系的本质和规律的反映，是发挥经济法功能的实践纲领。

However,it permitsderogation from this prohibition insofar as the data concerned are specifically protected pursuant to the State Party's legislation and the regulations of the other Party fail to provide'equivalent protection'for thees data.

然而。它允许在特定的文件里一定范围的减少一些禁令，用来说服其他州的组织，运用同等的州制定的法律法规受保护原则的这个文件。

In general, orthodoxy teaches that the moral principles of the law are still valid, not as objective strivings but as fruits of the Holy Spirit at work in the life of the believer.

在一般的，正统教导我们的道德原则的法律仍然有效，而不是作为目的strivings ，但作为水果的圣灵的工作在学校的生活信仰。

This law will perhaps save the community's wealth and hold back the disorder which drives so many victims to the almshouses of shame, to a low station, and into degenerate human principles where nature has groaned for so long.

这部法律也许会节省社会的财富，并减少混乱，这混乱把那么多的受害者驱赶到耻辱的济贫院，到一个低下的层次，到堕落的人类原则，这个自然已经渴望了很久。

In half of the century, as a neutral entity, in order to fulfill its duty, European Court of Justice, sited in Luxemburg, continuously extends its own jurisdiction, vests more people with locus standi, makes full use of all kinds of judicial resources and actively interprets European law for filling the huge gap between the order demand of commu...

根据条 约的目标和法院的职责，在独特的初步裁决程序中，欧洲法院确立了新的区域国际法效力原则，使欧洲法既不同于国内法也不同于传统国际法，成为一种自成一类的法律。

The social influence of American religious groups is much greater than that in other countries. This is not only due to the law ensuring the principle of religious freedom and separation of church and state, but also due to a smoothly functioning omnipresent social network, formed by a broad horizontal connection between the church and its followers.

美国宗教组织的社会影响远远大于其他国家，除了法律对宗教自由与政教分离原则的保障之外，一个重要原因就在于有一个由教会与教徒之间广泛的横向联系构成的无处不在而又运转良好的社会网络。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。