法律的原则

To restrict tying,the rule of patent misuse, Sherman Act,Clayton Act,1995 Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property are often used in USA.E...

搭售的法律规制，在美国有专利权滥用原则、《谢尔曼法》、《克莱顿法》、美国1995年《知识产权许可反托拉斯指南》；欧共体2004年《关于对技术转让协议适用欧共体条约第81条的指南(2004/C101/02)》分析了搭售的限制性效果、提高效率的效果和促进竞争的效果。

China arbitration systems pay attention to the internationalization of the legislation of new laws and amended the relevant laws and jointing the international arbitration international treaty.

内容摘要：随着中国入世和法制体系的逐步完善，中国的仲裁制度具有明显的中国特色和国际化的法律特征，具体表现为意思自治原则的确立及其在国际仲裁制度中体现。

Its requirements are as follows: in principle, a person with capacity for rights could be identified as a beneficiary, and the beneficiary must enjoy certain beneficiary right, except as otherwise prohibited or limited by law. the trustee, in breach of trust, disposes of the trust property, but it does not require the detriment to the trust property and the trustee's fault. when the trustee disposes of the trust property to a third party, the Chinese trust law requires that the third party knows of the trustee's breach. In contrast, the logic which the rule of a bona fide purchaser in common law and the mechanism of trust publicity in civil law demonstrate seems to be more reasonable.

信托受益人撤销权的成立需具备以下要件：其一，原则上，具有民事权利能力的人都可以成为受益人，但法律有禁止性或限制性规定的除外，且受益人须享有确定的受益权；其二，受托人违反信托目的处分信托财产，但不以对信托财产造成了损失为必要，也不要求受托人主观上具有过错；其三，当受托人将信托财产处分给第三人时，《中华人民共和国信托法》要求该第三人明知受托人违反信托目的处分信托财产，相比之下，英美信托法中的&善意购买人&规则和大陆法系信托法中的信托公示制度所内含的逻辑似乎更为合理。

The special object of the first collections of the decretals was to help settle the law, which the canonists of Bologna were trying to systematize; that is why they contain so many specific decisions, from which the authors gathered general principles; when these had been ascertained the specific decisions were of no use except for jurisprudence; and in fact the "Sextus", the "Clementinae", and the other collections contain texts only when they are the statement of a general law.

特别的对象第一次收藏的decretals是帮助解决法律，其中canonists博洛尼亚试图系统化，这就是为什麼它们含有这麼多的具体决定，从作者聚集的一般原则；时，这些已被确定具体决定是没有用的，除了法理和事实上的& sextus &，& clementinae &，和其他收藏品包含文本，只有当他们在声明中的一般规律。

The growth and exuberance of principle was fostered, in part, by the competition among the expositors of the law, an influence wholly unknown where there exists a Bench, the depositaries intrusted by king or commonwealth with the prerogative of justice.

原则的成长和茂盛，部分地是法律注释者之间的竞争所造成的，而这种竞争，在有法院的地方，即有国王或政府授以司法特权的受托人的地方，是不被人们所完全知道的。

In several cases of elderly people who refused to be treated in life-threatening situations, Israeli case law established some criteria to enable individuals to plan for their last stages of life? Although the judge-made law was liberal and in all cases declared the rights of the patients to refuse medical treatment, the scope of the decisions was narrow and limited.

在一些案例中，老年人在病势危重的情况下拒绝接受治疗，以色列的判例法也制订了一些原则来保障个人有权对自己的晚年作出安排，尽管法官制订的法律已属开明，并在所有案例中都声明患者享有拒绝治疗之权利，但个人的决定权仍有很大的局限性。

In several cases of elderly people who refused to be treated in life-threatening situatio , Israeli case law established some criteria to enable individuals to plan for their last stages of life? Although the judge-made law was liberal and in all cases declared the rights of the patients to refuse medical treatment, the scope of the decisio was narrow and limited.

在一些案例中，老年人在病势危重的情况下拒绝接受治疗，以色列的判例法也制订了一些原则来保障个人有权对自己的晚年作出安排，尽管法官制订的法律已属开明，并在所有案例中都声明患者享有拒绝治疗之权利，但个人的决定权仍有很大的局限性。

Since a judgment in 2000 entrenched the principle of "equality" in division of marital assets, England, home to hundreds of thousands of expatriates, has become a "Mecca for wives", says Louise Spitz of Manches, a London law firm.

伦敦法律事务所Manches的路易斯-斯皮茨说，自从2000年的那一次判决巩固了婚姻财产分割中的&平等&原则之后，无数流亡人士避难所——英格兰就逐渐成为&妇人心目中的麦加——最渴望去的地方&了。

Since a judgment in 2000 entrenched the principle of "equality" in division of maritalassets, England, home to hundreds of thousands of expatriates, has become a "Mecca for wives", says Louise Spitz of Manches, a London law firm.

伦敦法律咨询公司Manches的路易斯？斯皮茨说，2000年一次判决巩固了婚姻财产分割中的&平等&原则，自此作为无数流亡人士避难所的英格兰就逐渐成为&妇人心目中的麦加(Mecca，：沙特阿拉伯西部城市，位于红海沿岸。它是伊斯兰教创始人穆罕默德的诞生地，是伊斯兰教最神圣之地，也是笃信伊斯兰教的虔诚教徒的朝拜中心——译者注)&。

The exasperations of this crowd which suffers and bleeds, its violences contrary to all sense, directed against the principles which are its life, its masterful deeds against the right, are its popular coups d'etat and should be repressed.

罗马的恶习，世界的法律，原文为拉丁文 Fex urbis，lex orbis。那些吃苦流血的群众的激怒，违反他们视作生命原则的蛮横作风以及侵犯人权的暴行，这些都使民众起来搞政变，是应当制止的。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。