法律的

Based on elucidating the definition of discretion of Judger and it's regulation meaning, the author firstly analyzed the necessity of discretion of the judge: the recapitulation and universality of law, the lag and limit of law, the judgement of judicature, all requiring discretion to some extent; then the author analyzed the logic and path from which the rent-seeking applied to the discretion of the judge, and pointed out that the technicality of justice was the premise of rent-seeking for the discretion of judge while Principal-Agent theory was an important cause for rent-seeking.

摘 要：在阐释法官自由裁量权及其规制蕴含意义的基础上，首先分析了其应然性：法律的概括性与普遍性、法律的滞后性与局限性、司法的判断性都要求一定程度的自由裁量权；接着分析了寻租理论适用于自由裁量权的逻辑与路径，指出司法的专门性是自由裁量权寻租的前提条件，而委托代理理论是权力寻租的重要原因。

According to their view, if the law of the state is framed by the people of the state and if such a law is the reflection of their common will, then the compliance with the law would naturally become the result of their voluntary choice. This is because under such circumstances, they are not obeying others but obeying themselves.

在他们看来，如果说一个国家的法律是由人民自己所制定的，是他们的意志的反映，那么对于这些法律的服从自然也是人们自愿选择的结果，因为在这种情况下，他们服从的不是别人，正是他们自己。

Lincoln's political genius stood on two pillars: he possessed an uncanny awareness of what could be done at any given moment, and he had the ability to change his mind, to adapt to circumstances, to grow. This is Lincoln in 1838, addressing the Springfield Young Men's Lyceum on a citizen's obligations to the legal system with such lines as,"Let reverence for the laws, be breathed by every American mother, to the lisping babe, that prattles on her lap."

林肯的政治才华有两个重要方面：他能令人不可思议地知道在任何特定的时刻什么可以做，还有他的改变自己的观念以适应环境和事态发展的能力。1838年林肯在春田市青年讲堂演讲关于公民对法律制度的责任时就用了象这样的词语"使对法律的尊重通过每一位美国母亲表现出来，影响到坐在她们膝上咿呀学语的孩子。"

In addition to the responses to the nominalist critique that will be considered at that point, one might add, 'the concept of law' has an advantage over 'the concept of the good', in that there is an identifiable set of practices and institutions to ground our discussions.29 The concept of law cannot easily be accused of being an entirely mysterious entity, made up by metaphysicians in their spare time.30

除了对于唯名论者批判的回应以外，人们可能补充道，"法律的概念"比"善的概念"具有更多的有点，因为它存在可以作为我们讨论基础的可辨识的实践和制度。［29］法律的概念不能被轻易地指责是一个由形而上学主义者在余暇时间所构建的难以理解的实体。

corruption has been a platitudinous question. many scholar have analysed the cause of corruption from economy、politics、institution etc.

需要指出的是，在这一过程中并不是要抛弃政治的、法律的手段，在一定时期内必要的政治、法律手段是不可或缺的，因为要从根本上改变人们业已形成的政治心理的影响往往要靠强制力迫使人们改变原有的思维定势和思维习惯。

But because the laws, that are at once, and in a short time made, have a constant and lasting force, and need a perpetual execution, or an attendance thereunto; therefore it is necessary there should be a power always in being, which should see to the execution of the laws that are made, and remain in force.

但是，因为立即并短期内可以制定出来的法律具有恒定和持续的强制力，需要持续的执行或照料；所以，有必要设置一种常在的权力，负责察看已制定的并仍具强制力的法律的执行。

As a matter of law in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the publication of the average statement settled nothing; it had no other legal effect than as an expression of opinion by a professional man as to what were the appropriate sums payable to one another by the various parties interested in ship and cargo; it was just not capable of giving rise to any fresh cause of action or of postponing the accrual of an existing cause of action for an unliquidated sum.

作为法律的事情，在没有任何协议的情况下，该刊物的平均声明没有解决；它没有其他法律效力，只是作为一种表达意见，以专业的男子是什么人适当的款项支付给另一个人的各种兴趣船舶和货物；实在没能引起任何新鲜事业的行动或推迟计现有诉讼清偿的款项。

Although Hitler's domination was based to a considerable extent on his charisma,elements of rational-legal authority remained in the structure of German law,and references to Germanic Volk tradition formed a major element in the appeals of National Socialism.

尽管希特勒的统治是基于其超凡的个人魅力上的，而一系列的法律权威还是存在于德国法律的字里行间。德国人的传统思想是国家社会主义形成的主要因素。

"Article 268 In the case of an application or request for recognition and enforcement of a legally effective judgment or written order of a foreign court, the people's court shall, after examining it in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity and arriving at the conclusion that it does not contradict the basic principles of the law of the People's Republic of China nor violates State sovereignty, security and social and public interest of the country, recognize the validity of the judgment or written order, and, if required, issue a writ of execution to enforce it in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law;"

第二百六十八条人民法院对申请或者请求承认和执行的外国法院作出的发生法律效力的判决、裁定，依照中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约，或者按照互惠原则进行审查后，认为不违反中华人民共和国法律的基本原则或者国家主权、安全、社会公共利益的，裁定承认其效力，需要执行的，发出执行令，依照本法的有关规定执行。

"Article 268 In the case of an application or request for recognition and enforcement of a legally effective judgment or written order of a foreign court, the peoples court shall, after examining it in accordance with the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the Peoples Republic of China or with the principle of reciprocity and arriving at the conclusion that it does not contradict the basic principles of the law of the Peoples Republic of China nor violates State sovereignty, security and social and public interest of the country, recognize the validity of the judgment or written order, and, if required, issue a writ of execution to enforce it in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law;"

第二百六十八条人民法院对申请或者请求承认和执行的外国法院作出的发生法律效力的判决、裁定，依照中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约，或者按照互惠原则进行审查后，认为不违反中华人民共和国法律的基本原则或者国家主权、安全、社会公共利益的，裁定承认其效力，需要执行的，发出执行令，依照本法的有关规定执行。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。