法律理论

Therefore, this dissertation will elaborate the following major theoretic and practical issues of legal aid system in connection with the new promulgated Regulations on Legal Aid, for doing great to bestead correct understanding and enforcement of the Regulation on Legal Aid and also help to improve the legal aid system of China.

鉴于此，本文从理论和实践两方面，结合刚刚出台的《法律援助条例》的有关规定，阐述了法律援助制度中的一些重大的理论和实践问题，以期能够对正确理解和贯彻《条例》有所裨益，并对中国法律援助制度的改进有所帮助。

The purpose of this dissertation lies in perfecting relative laws of administration of medical waste,according to the lawmaking and law system of foreign countries.meanwhile,the notion is provided to consummate relative law system and achieve the purpose of holding in the administration of medical waste,environment protect and human health.this dissertation puts forward first-step conceivableness of perfecting lawmaking and law system concerning the administration to disposal of medical waste.because our country's law system concerning medical waste is too immovable and abstract,this research will make our country's law system of the medical waste more concrete and more definite,which will strengthen the operability in the fulfillment and make the lawmaking spirit embodied.simultaneously it provides legal basis and policy support for the administration to disposal of medical waste.the problem of the administration of medical waste enlarges the difficulties of disposal process.to perfect lawmaking,law-executing,law-supervising.is advantageous to strengthen the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.meanwhile it has theoretic meaning and application value for environment safety and human health.this dissertation is totally divided into four parts.the first part explains the current condition of the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country,which introduces the concept of medical waste,the harm of medical waste,the necessity of administration, current lawmaking condition and present law system of the medical waste.the second part introduces the general situation of lawmaking concerning the administration to disposal of medical waste of the united states,eu,japan and korea.simultaneously it explains the apocalypse of administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.the third part points out the existent law problem of the administration to disposal of medical waste,including lawmaking problem,law enforcement problem and law system problem.the fourth part aims at the relative suggestions to the existent law problems of the administration to disposal of medical waste of our country.the suggestions want to raise lawmaking layer,perfect lawmaking contents,strengthens law enforcement,practice the law system of the manufacturer to be responsible for the medical waste.meanwhile,it gives the advice on the punishment-compensation system,the conduct permit system and the risk fund system.

本论文研究的目的在于借鉴国外有关医疗废物在立法、执法、法律制度等方面的经验，完善适合我国医疗废物管理的相关法律，提出我国有关医疗废物管理的立法构想，完善各项相关的法律制度，以达到规范医疗废物管理、保护环境、保护人类健康的目的。本论文为完善我国医疗废物管理的立法、执法和法律制度提出初步设想，由于我国有关医疗废物的法律制度规定得太原则、太抽象，通过本论文研究，使得我国医疗废物法律制度更具体、更明确，增强在实践中的操作性，使立法精神充分得到体现。同时可以为我国医疗废物管理工作提供法理依据和决策支持。我国医疗废物管理体制的问题加大了医疗废物治理的难度，立法、执法、监督等方面的完善有利于加强对我国医疗废物的管理；在保障可持续发展的环境安全和人类健康领域也具有理论意义和应用价值。本文共分为四个部分，第一部分说明了我国目前医疗废物管理的现状，介绍了医疗废物的概念、危害、进行管理的必要性、当前我国医疗废物的立法现状和法律制度现状。第二部分介绍了美国、欧盟、日本、韩国关于医疗废物管理的立法概况及对我国医疗废物管理的启示。第三部分指出了我国医疗废物管理存在的法律问题，包括立法问题、执法问题和法律制度问题。第四部分针对我国医疗废物管理存在的法律问题提出了相应的建议。建议要提高立法层次、完善立法内容、加强执法力度、实行生产者负责分类回收的法律制度、集中处置法律制度、惩罚性赔偿制度、经营许可证制度、环境责任保险制度和风险基金制度。

Part II introduces path dependence in a law: The Course and Pattern of Legal Change in a Common Law System by Oona A. Hathaway.

第二章"普通法环境下法律变迁的路径依赖理论"重点介绍哈撒维的普通法环境下法律变迁的进路和模式——法律的路径依赖理论。

The thesis selects the American constitutional protection on private property law history from the establishment of the United States to the New Deal as study theme, and applies the theory of increasing returns path dependence and evolutionary path dependence from Oona A. Hathaway to normatively analyze this law history. Furthermore, it draws some useful conclusions on characteristics of increasing returns path dependence and evolutionary path dependence on the changing history of American constitutional protection on private property law in a Common Law System, and it also takes a few steps on applying path dependence theory on studying law history in a continental law system in our country.

论文选择美国独立战争后至新政这段时期私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁历史作为研究对象，应用哈撒维的递增报酬路径依赖和进化路径依赖理论对这段法律变迁历史进行了实证分析，总结出了美国私有财产权宪法保护法律在普通法环境下的递增报酬和进化路径依赖特性，并对路径依赖理论应用于我国成文法环境下的法律变迁研究进行了初步探索。

For a long time, Lacking the need and promotion of reality, jurists have not paid enough attention to legal reasoning and the research of legal reasoning of our county has not been on the essence and features of legal reasoning out of requirement of legal reasoning in judicial practice, but from the point of view of general rule and method of inference of logic.

长期以来，由于缺乏现实的需要和推动，法学家缺乏对法律推理予以充分的关注，我国关于法律推理的研究不是从司法实践对法律推理的要求出发研究法律推理的本质和特征，而更多的是从逻辑学关于推理的一般规律和方法的角度进行研究，不可避免的使法律推理理论逻辑色彩浓厚而法学色彩不足，不能真正把握法律推理的本质和特点。

This article first analyze the general theory of legal responsibiltiy from nomological aspect, build the basic frame of economic law "responsibility theory" based on law responsibility. Through expatiating the concept、character、element and type of economic law responsibility, the article aims to break the sorting limit of traditional "responsibilty theory" and show the speciality of economic law responsibility. Through analyzing two theories of economic law responsibility deeply, it provides theory security for the independence of economic law responsibility. It further shows that establishing the independence of economic law responsibility is the requirement of economic law's development and improvement, is the requirement of adapting the new situation and regulating market economy system, is the foundation of buliding commonweal litigation system and punishing the illegal body.

本文首先从法理的角度分析了法律责任的一般理论，并以法律责任为剖析原型构建经济法责任理论的基本框架，通过对经济法责任的概念、特征、构成要素及类型的具体阐述，力图打破传统责任理论划分的局限性，以求凸现经济法责任的独特性；通过对经济法责任的两大理论基础的深入分析，为经济法责任的独立性提供理论保障；进而表明确立经济法责任的独立地位是经济法发展和完善的要求，是适应新形式、规范市场经济秩序的需要，是建立经济公益诉讼机制、有效追究经济违法主体责任的前提和基础。

The author?s research is founded upon basic theories while laying stress on the understanding of laws because, for one who is engaged in legal practice, to understand the existent laws is more important than to criticize them. Any way, a law is a thing that medicates justice and benefit.

笔者的研究不脱离理论，但更注重对法律的理解，因为法律实务工作者不同于法学评论之处在于，对现有法律的理解比批评法律缺点更重要，不希望把对法律的批评写入法律条文之中，法律本来就是正义和利益的调合产物。

S benefits. the author?s research is founded upon basic theories while laying stress on the understanding of laws because, for one who is engaged in legal practice, to understand the existent laws is more important than to criticize them. any way, a law is a thing that medicates justice and benefit.

笔者的研究不脱离理论，但更注重对法律的理解，因为法律实务工作者不同于法学评论之处在于，对现有法律的理解比批评法律缺点更重要，不希望把对法律的批评写入法律条文之中，法律本来就是正义和利益的调合产物。

PartⅥdraws some conclusions of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of American constitutional protection of private properties, recalls legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, analyzes and approves present value of the Property Law of PRC, permutes the value of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, and points out future research direction of this subject.

第六章&美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁与路径依赖研究的启示&对本文研究内容进行了总结和升华，对路径依赖理论应用于美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁研究得出了几点结论，回顾了我国宪法对私有财产权保护的历程，分析和评价了现时期颁布实施物权法的现实意义，提出了应用路径依赖理论研究我国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁的价值，并指出了论文今后进一步研究的方向。

Based on the relationship between etiquette and law in Chinese history of law, this paper aims at sorting out theories about harmony embodied in "building up the system of morality, etiquette, administration and law simultaneously" and doctrine of the mean in "attaining harmony by means of etiquette", and systemizing and theorizing them so as to use the past for the benefit of the present in building modern harmonious society and the state of rule of law.

中国法律思想史上有丰富且典型的和谐理论，本文以中国法律思想史上的礼法关系为线索，通过揭示&和谐&的内涵，试图将中国古代法律思想史上的德礼政刑&并建&的和谐理论与&以礼节和&的中庸方法扒梳、整理出来，使其系统化、理论化，在建设当代中国和谐社会与现代法治国家中发挥&古为今用&的作用。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。