法律平等

The consent-assumption of bilateralism is in turn based on the concept of legal equality of states – factual inequalities play no role.

对双边主义的赞成和设想是基于各个国家"权利的法律平等"的观念——实际的不平等不起任何作用。

First, despite bilateralism's emphasis on the notion of states' legal equality权利的法律平等, as Simma points out,"bilateralism unveils, and even endorses, the crucial dependence of the enforceability可实施,可强制执行,可强迫,可加强 of a State's international legal rights upon a favourable有利的,顺利的,适宜的,前途有望的 distribution of factual power."

首先，尽管双边主义强调国家"权力的法律平等"这一观念，但正如Simma指出的，"双边主义揭示甚至认可，一个国家国际法定权利的履行关键依赖于实际权力的合理分配。"

Yet in tracing the history of this association, it certainly does not seem to have suggested itself to very early thought, but is rather the offspring of a comparatively late philosophy It is remarkable too that the "equality" of laws on which the Greek democracies prided themselves —— that equality which, in the beautiful drinking song of Callistratus, Harmodius and Aristogiton are said to have given to Athens-had little in common with the "equity" of the Romans.

但在探求这种联想的来历时，我们当然还不能证明它是一种早期的思想，它只是比较后来的一种哲学的产物，同时也必须注意，希腊民主政治用以夸耀的法律"平等"——这种平等，在卡利斯屈拉得斯（Galli -stratus）的美丽的酒歌中，据说是哈马笛斯和阿利斯托杰顿给予雅典人的——与罗马人的"衡平"很少共同之处。

It holds that "all citizens enjoy juridical equality in society."

它主张，"所有的市民都享有社会中的法律平等"。

The law cannot make all men equal, but they are all equal before the law.Frederick Pollck ,British jurist

法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的英国法学家波洛克 F

The law cannot make all men equal, but they are all equal before the law.----Frederick Pollock ,British jurist

法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的----英国法学家波洛克F

Reargument was largely devoted to the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. It covered exhaustively consideration of the Amendment in Congress, ratification by the states, then existing practices in racial segregation, and the views of proponents and opponents of the Amendment. This discussion and our own investigation convince us that, although these sources cast some light, it is not enough to resolve the problem with which we are faced.

在进行详尽的分析之后，联邦最高法院宣布自己的结论：我们的结论是，在公立教育领域中，'隔离但平等'的理论没有立足之地，隔离的教育设施实质上就是不平等的，因此，我们认为，原告们以及这些诉讼所涉及的其他与原告们处于相同境遇的那些人，由于他们所控告的种族隔离的原因，被剥夺了联邦宪法第14条修正案所赋予的法律平等保护权利。

This paper analyses the National Treatment of foreign investment on the base of jurisprudence as the followings: The legal value of National Treatment is to secure non-discrimination and farsightedness, to create a relatively fair play field for the residenter and the foreigner in order to realize the liberalization of trade and investment.

本文结合这些问题从以下几方面对外资的国民待遇进行了基础性的法理分析：国民待遇的法律价值在于保障非歧视性和可预见性，为内资与外资创造一个相对公平的竞争环境，实现贸易与投资的自由化；它尚未发展成为一项如某些西方学者鼓吹的普遍性的国际义务，不管从事实上还是法律上，其都具有相对性与非义务性，是否给予外资国民待遇是一国的经济主权；国民待遇包含四项法律要素：客体、主题事项、参照规则和参照对象；超国民待遇具有合理合法性，在我国亦有其存在的必然性，不应一概取消，并且，从法理上讲，国民待遇涵盖了超国民待遇与差别待遇；《TRIMs协议》中的国民待遇在法律性质上仍属货物贸易的国民待遇，但具有授予外资国民待遇的效果，然而何种TRIMs应受其管辖，在国际上争议较大；GATS的国民待遇属具体承诺性质，它仅指外资进入东道国市场后的待遇，并且不只限于形式上的平等，更要求实质上的平等。

The author considers their value mainly embodies the fairness value and the safety value.The conflict between equality and efficiency is avoidless,and it might be a better choice for the relation between them that put a little rationality into equality and put a little humanism into efficiency,and so might be a desirable fairness values to some degree.The social assistance legal institutions responsing the survival rights' request is to response the call of the fairness values;meanwhile they conform the force of the poor and dispel their sufferings and resistances,exerting their function for the sake of safety value.

平等和效率之间的冲突是无法避免的，在平等中注入一些合理性，在效率中注入一些人道，这也许是对平等和效率关系的较优选择，也是一种较为可欲的公平价值观，社会救助法律制度对生存权利诉求的回应，也正回应了对公平价值的呼唤；同时社会救助法律制度有效整合着贫困者的力量，化解着他们的无奈和反抗，为安全价值的维护发挥着自己的作用。

Viewing from the angle of forming course and forming mechanism of legalorder,the principal factors,which hinder the build of socialist country un-der the rule of law,may be summed up as follows.Some law lack of reason-ability,which show benefits distribution unreasonable,right protection un-equal,institution offering unbalanced.Laws are short of coercive power,centrally embodied in the phenomenon of'soft regime',both resulting fromobject factors that material conditions what exercising law needs are insuffi-cient and political system is unreasonable,and subjective factors of belief inthe rule of law being blunt,and corruption and degeneration.Non—legalmechanism is imperfect,unable to efficiently fill up the'blind area'and'gray field'of law,and strongly sustain the function of law.There are manydetect in formal aspect of law,among which the most important is that legalprocedure and procedural elements are incomplete.

从法律秩序的形成过程与形成机制的角度看，我国社会主义法治建设的主要障碍因素可归纳为以下几个方面：一些法律缺乏合理性，具体表现有利益分配不合理、权利保护不平等、制度供给不均衡；法律缺乏强制力，集中表现在&软政权&现象上，有执法的物质保障不充足和政治体制不合理等客观因素，也有法治观念淡薄、贪污腐化等主观原因；非法律机制不健全，不能有效地填充法律的&盲区&和&灰色地带&，并有力地支持法律的运行；在法律的形式方面存在诸多弊端，其中至关重要的是法律程序不健全，法律条文的程序要件不完备。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失