法律家

Much light is cast upon it by a fiction in our own system with which all lawyers are familiar.

在我们自己的制度中有一种为所有法律家都熟悉的拟制，能用来很好地说明它。

It is defined by the Roman lawyers as "Juris vinculum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicujus solvendae rei."

罗马法律家的定义是："应负担履行义务的法锁"（Juris vinculum，quo mecessitate ad stringimur alicujus solvenderei）。

Legislation and Equity are disjoined in the popular mind and in the minds of most lawyers; and it will never do to neglect the distinction between them, however conventional, when important practical consequences follow from it.

&立法&与&衡平&在一般人的心目中和在大多数法律家的心目中，是分开的；我们决不能忽略它们之间的区分，纵使是习惯上的区分，因为这个区分有着重要的实际后果。

But that has been explained, I believe, by jurists.

290然而我相信法律家已做了诠释。

How, then, can we deny that truth must have beamed on those ancient lawgivers who arranged civil order and discipline with so much equity?

古代的法律家曾对民政制度有所贡献，我们岂应该拒绝他们所得真理的亮光吗？

On the relationship between legal norms and case facts, there are different thinking ways between legists in continental countries and ones from common law countries.

在法律规范和案件事实相互关系的问题上，大陆法系和英美法系的法律家们呈现出不同的思考方法。

These commonplaces answer much more to our prejudices than to our convictions.

然而所谓它们是古远的说法，是模糊的、暧昧的，是只能通过&现在&方能理解的；所谓&国际法契约&被明白地看作人类在&自然状态&下所知道的一种&契约&，也要到罗马法律家的用语变成了对罗马法律家的思想方式已不再能理解的一个时代的用语之后才能理解。

The first notions of a Jus Gentium may have been deposited in the minds of the Roman lawyers long before the appointment of a Praetor Peregrinus, but it would only be through extensive and regular trade that they would be familiarised with the contractual system of other Italian communities, and such a trade would scarcely attain considerable proportions before Italy had been thoroughly pacified, and the supremacy of Rome conclusively assured.

一个&万民法&的最早观念也许在委任一个&外事裁判官&之前早就存在罗马法律家的心中，但只有通过广泛的和正常的贸易，罗马法律家才能熟悉其他意大利社会的契约制度，而这类贸易在意大利获得彻底平靖和罗马的最高权力断然确立之前，是很难达到相当的规模的。

This is virtually identical with the doctrine of the Roman lawyers, but then, in their view, the result of these "significations" was not a Contract, but a Convention or Pact.

这在实际上是和罗马法律家的学理完全相同的，但在他们的见解中，这些&表示&的结果不是一个&契约&而是一个&协议&或&合约&。

Trading Address : Road Town, Tortola British Virgin Islands Craigmur chambers Co.Register Number BVI International Business Companies are the off-shore companies with a great number of advantages, such as: 5 Requires a minimum of only one shareholder and one director; 4 The directors and shareholders can be entities or individuals resident in any country 9 The payment of minimum capital is not required, and the shares can be issued at par or non par value; 13 Neither the minutes book nor the shares book need to be certified by any authority of BVI; 12 Can transfer its domicile and continue existing as a company incorporated under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of BVI; a foreign company can also become a BVI IBC; Subject has the following purposes and objects: The principal object is to engage either in the Virgin Islands or abroad, in the purchase, sell, disposal, dealing, transfer, barter, ownership, negotiate, finance, administration to grant guaranties in favor of obligation of third parties with or without mortgage or pledge of the corporation assets, give or borrowing money in loan, giving or taking in commission, mortgage, security, lease, use, usufruct, or receivership, any kind of property, whether real or personal stock or rights, and make and accept all kinds of deals, contracts, operations, business and transactions of lawful commerce.

贸易住址：道路城镇， Tortola 英国的维京群岛 Craigmur 室公司寄存器数字 BVI 国际的生意公司是有很多的利益远-海岸公司，如此的当做： 5 需要只有股东和1位指导者的1个最小量； 4 指导者和股东可能是任何的国家实体或个体居民 9 付款最小的首都不被需要，而且部份可能在标准或非标准价值被发行； 13 既不是会议记录本也不是部份书需要到被 BVI 的任何权威检定； 12能转移它的住所而且存在如1家公司在 BVI 的外面在司法权的法律之下吸收；1家外国的公司也能变成 BVI IBC；主题有下列各项目的和物体：主要的物体在维京群岛也要答应或在国外答应，在购买中，卖，处理，行为，移动，物物交换，所有权，商议，财政，行政由于或没有抵押贷款或公司资产的保证，给予或外来语贷款的钱允许保证品支持第三者的义务，在佣金，抵押贷款，安全，租约，使用，用益权或 receivership，任何的类型财产中举行或拿，是否真正的或个人的存货或权利，而且赚并且接受法律许可的商业各种的交易，契约，操作，生意和交易。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。