法律学的

There are societies open to our observation at this very moment whose laws and usages can scarcely be explained unless they are supposed never to have emerged from this primitive condition; but in communities more fortunately circumstanced the fabric of jurisprudence fell gradually to pieces, and if we carefully observe the disintegration we shall perceive that it took place principally in those portions of each system which were most deeply affected by the primitive conception of the family.

在成熟的希腊法律学中，其规定比荷马文学中所暗示的实践，更前进了几步；虽然仍有许多严格的家族义务被保留着，但父亲的直接权威象在欧洲的法典中一样被限制于未成年的子女，或是，换言之，被限制于这些子女假定他们的智力和体力还不充足的一定时期内。但是，这个具有改革古旧惯例以适应共和政治急需这种显著倾向的罗马法，它一方面保持了原始制度，另一方面却保持了我认为它曾从属的自然限制。

In a related story, World magazine recently named Phillip Johnson, law professor at the University of California, as its "Daniel of the Year" for his work dismantling the Darwinist empire that dominates American culture.

有一个相关的故事，就是加州大学的法律学教授詹腓力，最近被《世界》杂志（World magazine，译注：它是一本英语基督教杂志）提名为其"年度的丹尼尔"（译注：是该杂志所授予的奖项），因为他的著作正在拆除那个主宰美国文化的达尔文主义帝国。

I may add that an Englishman should be better able than a foreigner to appreciate the historical fact that the "Themistes" preceded any conception of law, because, amid the many inconsistent theories which prevail concerning the character of English jurisprudence, the most popular, or at all events the one which most affects practice, is certainly a theory which assumes that adjudged cases and precedents exist antecedently to rules, principles, and distinctions.

我可以说，一个英国人应该比外国人更能够理解这样的一个历史事实，即&地美士第&的发生先于任何法律概念，这是因为，在流行着的有关英国法律学性质的许多相互矛盾的理论中，其最得人心的，或者无论如何是最能影响实践的，当然是假定成案和先例先于规则、原则及差别而存在的理论。

The parts of jurisprudence which he looked upon with affection were exactly those which a modern theorist leaves out of consideration as accidental and transitory. The solemn gestures of the mancipation; the nicely adjusted questions and answers of the verbal contract; the endless formalities of pleading and procedure.

他所爱好的那部分法律学，正是现代理论家认为不必加以考虑的和暂时的；例如&曼企帕地荷&中的庄严手势；口头契约中巧妙地安排的问和答；辩护与诉讼中不胜枚举的手续程序。

The Celtic clan-associations, among the many phenomena which they have preserved of an age in which civil and political society were not yet even rudimentarily separated, have brought down this rule of succession to historical times.

当苏格兰法律学必须决定酋长在扶养部族的领地上所具有的法律权力时，它已远超过了同部族人对完全所有权可以加一些模糊限制的时期，因此，它也就不可避免地把许多人的遗产转变成一个人的财产了。

The guardianship is generally that of the male Agnates; but it is remarkable that the contingency supposed is one of the rare cases in which ancient societies have consented to the exercise of power by women, doubtless out of respect to the overshadowing claims of the mother.

但后期的罗马法律学象我们自己的法律一样，把对于财产上所有的无限制权力看做财产所有权，并没有、并且在事实上也不可能注意到这一类的义务，而关于这类义务的概念是在正规法律产生之前就已经有的。

A few local customs in France maintained the right down to the Revolution, and there are traces of similar usages in England; but on the whole the doctrine prevailed that moveables might be freely disposed of by Will, and, even when the claims of the widow continued to be respected, the privileges of the children were obliterated from jurisprudence.

在法兰西有些地方习惯中，把这种权利一直保持到&革命&时代，在英国，也有类似的惯例的痕迹；但在大体上，流行着的学理是动产可以由&遗嘱&自由处分，并且，虽然寡妇的要求得到继续尊重，但子的特权则被从法律学上加以取消。

A complete revolution in his ideas was required before it could challenge his respect, but so complete was it when it did occur, that the true reason why our modern estimate of the Jus Gentium differs from that which has just been described, is that both modern jurisprudence and modern philosophy have inherited the matured views of the later jurisconsults on this subject.

在&万民法&能得到他的重视以前，必须在他思想中有一次彻底的革命，但当这个革命确实发生时，它真进行得非常的彻底，我们现在对于&万民法&的估计所以与刚才所说的完全不同，其真正理由就在于现代法律学和现代哲学所持的观点都是继承着后期法学专家就这问题所持的成熟见解的。

The distance between the eldest and latest Roman law on the subject of Children under Power may be considered as equivalent to the difference between the Common Law and the jurisprudence of the Court of Chancery in the rules which they respectively apply to wives.

最早的罗马法和最晚的罗马法之间，就在&父权下之子&这个主题上所存在着的距离，同普通法和衡平法院法律学就其分别对妻所作规定上存在的距离，可以视为完全相等。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。