法律学的

Formal rationality is requirements that legal obligation itself demands, for example, universality, fairness, explicitness and compatibility, while substantial rationality means that legal obligation should conform to legal right in necessarity and adequateness, for the latter of which two criteria utilitarianism and humanitarianism are offered.

这又关涉到了法律学的基本理论问题——在法律权利和法律义务中，谁更为一般的概念。笔者通过对义务概念理论和权利概念理论的梳理，认为法律权利为更为一般的概念。包括法律义务在的其它法律概念都是以法律权利为基础展开的。因此，法律义务合理与否只能由法律权利来评定。

I have dwelt on the history and characteristics of the Roman Quaestiones because the formation of a criminal jurisprudence is nowhere else so instructively exemplified.

我对罗马"审问处"的历史和特征所以不厌其详地加以说明，是因为一个刑事法律学的形成从没有在任何其他地方这样有启发地例证过。

But the feeling itself, in its remarkable intensity, seems to point back to some deeper antagonism between law and opinion; nor is it at all wonderful that the improvements of jurisprudence by the Praetor should not have extinguished it.

但是这种感情本身的惊人的强烈程度，似乎说明了在法律和舆论之间早就存在着某种很深的对抗；而"裁判官"对于法律学的改进无法把这种感情加以消灭，也是完全不足为奇的。

And it seems that there is a revolutionary change in the traditional status of animal bodies,and a fact is coming into being that animals will become the right bodies as soon as they acquire the right of body.However the Natural Body Right Theory can t justify itse...

但是自然体权利论在理论上无法自圆其说，环境伦理学上的主张并不能等同于法律学的共识，德国法上的规定也并不意味着法律上权利主体的范围已扩张至动物，动物的法律地位仍然不可能是主体。

Whatever testamentary law exists, has been taken from Roman jurisprudence.

凡含有"遗嘱"的法律，都是来自罗马法律学的。

Forms are thenceforward only retained so far as they are guarantees of authenticity, and securities for caution and deliberation.

物权、对世权，即"对全世界有效的"权利或"财产所有权"，在成熟法律学的分析中是和人权、对人权，即"对一单独个人或团体有效的"权利或债权，有明显的区别的。

It is precisely because the influence of jurisprudence begins to be powerful that the foundation of Constantinople and the subsequent separation of the Western Empire from the Eastern, are epochs in philosophical history.

正是由于法律学的影响开始变得非常有力，才使君士坦丁堡的建立和后来的西罗马帝国从东罗马帝国分离，成为哲学史中的两个新纪元。

The old Nexum has now bequeathed to maturer jurisprudence first of all the conception of a chain uniting the contracting parties, and this has become the Obligation.

古代的&耐克逊&现在已经传给较成熟的法律学的，第一件就是锁链的概念，它把缔约两造结合起来，而这就成为&债&。

In line with extant theories, the third study corroborated a nomological network relating reciprocity types to external constructs.

和现存的一致，理论第三研究加强证实一把相互关系类型和外部建造物联系起来法律学的网络。

Now in the older theory of Roman Law the individual bore to the family precisely the same relation which in the rationale of English jurisprudence a Corporation sole bears to a Corporation aggregate.

在罗马法的较古理论中，个人之与家族，正和英国法律学的原理中一个&单一法人&之与&集合法人&的关系，完全相同。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。