法律制度

This chapter sums up five aspects of theory bases of constitutional review system:(1) theory of supreme of constitution,(2) theory of limited government,(3) theory of check and balance of power,(4) theory of sovereignty of people,(5) theory of rule of law.

第一节简要回顾了我国宪法监督制度从无到有的四个历史阶段，第二节分析了我国现行的宪法监督制度所存在的主要问题，第三节探讨了我国的违宪审查制度为何难以建立起来的理论障碍、思想障碍和法律障碍。

In the interest of obtaining juridical redress when infractions occur, and for the sake of adapting the development of socialistic market economy, in the domain of legislation and to be established in the situation of China, a suit of system of civil action and the procuratorial organs' instating common pleas is to be set up to endue the procuratorial organs' with finite civil instating authority, which on one hand answers the demands of consummating jural supervising system, and in the other hand the exigent require of keep irregularity within limit.

为了使公共利益受到侵害时获得司法救济，适应我国社会主义市场经济的发展，必须立足于我国的国情，从立法上建立一套我国的民事诉讼制度。建立我国检察机关提起民事诉讼的制度，赋予检察机关一定范围内的民事起诉权，这既是完善法律监督制度的需要，也是遏制现实生活中针对国家和社会公共利益的民事违法行为的迫切要求。

Reform existing market access system, Implement of quantitative classification management system for food hygiene supervision, carry out Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point management system; perfect laws and regulations of food safety, safety standard, Food inspection and testing system; Building-up superintends system from farmland to dining-table entire proceeding, ensures that people is felt relieved about food to safety.

借鉴国外先进监管经验，加强我国的食品安全监管，必须做到：改革现有的监管体制，建立完善的食品安全监管体系；改革现有的市场准入制度、实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度、推行良好生产规范管理和危险分析关键控制点技术管理体系；完善食品安全法律法规、安全标准、检验检测体系；建立从农田到餐桌全过程监督制度，确保人们吃到安全放心食品。

The reason causing this intensive relationship is various; however, it sums up to two aspects. One is institutional factor and namely institution arrangement, including unbalance of principal status of labor relationship, distempered jurisprudence of labor relationship and nominal collective bargaining and so on. The other is mechanism factor, and namely execution and operation of institution, including ineffective and high-cost harmony mechanism of labor relationship, and not completely executed policies and rules of law and so on.

引起这种紧张关系的原因多种多样，但归结起来无外乎两个方面：一个是体制因素，即制度安排问题，包括劳动关系主体地位失衡、劳动关系法律体系不健全、集体谈判制度形同虚设等等；另一个是机制因素，即制度的执行和操作问题，包括劳动关系协调机制效率低、成本高，国家政策法规落实不到位等等。

The system for finalization is an important content of the judicial system.

审级制度是司法制度的重要内容。不同国家或地区由于国情和法律文化的差异，审级制度的模式也不尽相同，主要有一审终审制、二审终审制和三审终审制三种形式。

It's necessary to improve the divorcing partition system under the present marriage Law of China, for it is too narrow in defining the range of common property of the couple. The principle of equality can be followed to remedy its inductility; an effective liquidation system should be established to correct its formalism in distribution methods so as to secure the transition from formal equality' to real one and eventually realize fairness and justice as required by law.

目前我国婚姻法所规定的离婚财产分割制度，在确立夫妻共同财产的范围上过于狭窄，需要加以扩大；财产分割原则存在不周延性，需要用公平原则协调；在财产分割方法上形式化，需要建立有效的清算制度，从而实现离婚财产分割制度从形式上平等的规定过渡到实质意义上的平等，真正实现法律所要求的公平正义。

However, this supervisory authority entrusted by the constitution and the law has long been put aside because of kinds of reasons. This phenomenon reflected the shortage of legislation as well as the implementation. In order to build a broad way for interpellation system, we need to compare studies of both the domestic and foreign interpellation system, inspect the present situation of interpellation power utilization, lay the foundation for the deepening interpellation system theory and get rid of the hurdle of system and ideology.

但是宪法和法律赋予的这项监督权却长期以来因为种种原因被束之高阁，这反映了立法上的不完善与实施的脱节之处，需要我们比较研究国内外质询制度及考察质询权运用的现状，为质询制度的理论深化冲破思想、制度的樊离奠定基础，为质询权的合理、适当、及时地行使开辟一条康庄大道。

Through the comparative analysis between the functions of the government"s'role in establishing a social security system in Britain, the US, Germany, Japan and other countries and Chinese government"s absence from their duties in establishing rural social security, we know, under the socialist market economic conditions, the government should bear the basic responsibilities in establishing the rural social security system, just to build a basic framework of the rural social security system adapted to the level of economic development, to establish a rural social security management system, to bear national financial responsibility in establishing the rural social security and promote mufti—dimensionally raising funds, to establish a rural social security monitoring mechanism, to establish a rural social security law system, to create external environment of the rural social security system, and so on.

在英、美、德、日等国构建社会保障制度中政府职能的角色定位与我国农村社会保障政府缺位的比较分析中，我们得出，在社会主义市场经济条件下，构建农村社会保障体系中政府应承担的基本职责，即构建和经济发展水平相适应的农村社会保障制度的基本框架，建立健全农村社会保障管理体制，承担国家对农村社会保障的财政责任并推动多渠道筹集资金，建立健全农村社会保障的监管机制，推动农村社会保障的法律体系建设，创造农村社会保障制度建设的外部环境等等。在当前的条件下，我国政府应着手采取现实可行的具体措施来履行其职能、推进我国农村社会保障体系的建设。

The change of the rural governance in the part of the State's viewpoint, the change of economic and political institution in rural area , the adjustment of law relation among familial members , and the evolvement of the social structure all have impacts on the effectiveness of family support for the elderly and oldster's welfare.

本文以治理和善治为分析框架，在实证研究的基础上，通过对传统时期、集体化时期、后集体时期的乡村治理与老人福利变迁的历史考察和后集体时期不同区域类型的乡村治理与老人福利的差异比较，得出如下结论：(1)不同时期老人福利状况不同，并不是家庭养老模式发生了变化，而是家庭养老的制度基础发生了变化，其关键因素是支持农村社区组织控制社区经济和约束社区成员的国家意识形态、经济体制、政治制度、法律文化等方面发生了变化；(2)中国发展是不均衡的，后集体时期，我国治理农村的制度框架基本相同，都是乡政村治、分户经营，但不同的地区的老人福利也有很大的差异，其主要原因是不同区域类型的村庄有不同的社会结构，其老人的社会地位和不孝行为所受村庄公共舆论约束力不同；不同区域的乡村组织状况不同，其乡村干部保障老人福利的意愿和力度不同；(3)在现有的乡村治理模式中，选举老人特别是在村庄定居的退休干部担任村组干部，发展自治性的老年协会和开展经常性的、群体性的老年文体娱乐活动，可以提高老人福利、改善乡村治理。

This essay comprehensively investigates the historical background and development practice of Foreign plea bargaining system by the methods of history examined and comparative research . It deeply researches the properness , essentiality and feasibility of enforcing the plea bargaining procedure in our country while uniting theory with practice and establishing the value of equity and efficiency on the basis of grasping the plea bargaining 's law attribute , basic feature and factors of establishing the system .

本文运用历史考查的方法和比较研究的方法，综合考察了外国主要辩诉交易制度产生的历史背景及发展实践，在把握辩诉交易的法律属性，基本特征和制度建构条件的基础上，以公正和效率为价值取向，理论联系实际，对我国施行辩诉交易程序的正当性，必要性和可行性进行深入研究，全面分析了建立辩诉交易制度的利弊因素和存在的障碍，以及建立辩诉交易程序应把握的原则和方法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。