法律制度

This thesis mainly expatiates on the conception, legal characteristics and content of the independent director system, compares the characteristics of the independent director system and those of the board of supervisors, analyzes the actuality of the independent director system in China and provides some suggestions of perfection in order to bestead the perfection of the corporate governance structure in our country.

本文运用比较分析的方法，对英美独立董事制度和我国独立董事制度进行研究，重点阐述了独立董事的概念、法律特征、独立董事制度的内容，比较分析了独立董事制度和监事会制度的特点，对我国独立董事制度的现状进行分析和探讨，并提出完善建议，以期对完善我国公司治理结构有所裨益。

Third, the analysis to the content and constitute of the rule of efficient criminal evidence in China. The material contents of the rule of criminal evidence in national law include three parts: the rule of achieving evidence and the rule of providing evidence and the rule of affirming evidence. In this part, through the assay of the content and composing of the rule of criminal evidence, the penman expounds the shortage of current law in China.

比找国刑事证据制度本部分通过对刑事诉讼证据制度内容构成分析，指出我国现行关于刑事诉讼证据法律规定的不足之处；四、我国现行刑事证据制度的改革和完善；分析我国现行刑事证据制度的不足，针对刑事审判的实际，提出几点改革和完善的意见：设立污点证人'制度；确立非法证据有限排除规则；完善证人出庭制度。

Thus, we should establish a credit risk revealment system with the base of information revealment, also securities issue system with the core of credit rating. Based on the Regulation on Credits Management, we should remedy the law related to credit system, complete the property right system of listed companies and juridical person management structure, complete securities issue and auditing system, establish a dynamic information revealment system, reinforce supervision of listed companies, establish and complete investors protection system, construct operation criterion of credit system and culture of trust with the core of credit rating in securities market.

鉴此，应该建立以信息披露为基础的资信评估信用风险揭示机制、构建以资信评估为核心的证券品种发行制度，在出台《征信管理条例》的基础上，修改与信用制度相关的法律，完善上市公司的产权制度、法人治理结构，完善证券发行、上市审核制度，建立动态的信息披露制度，加强对上市公司的监管，建立和完善投资者保护制度，建立以资信评估为核心的证券市场信用制度和诚信文化的执业标准。

With the deepgoing of the market economy and the lifting of people's life quality, there are higher and higher demands of real estates. The value of real estates is not only for living but also for exchange. The system of commodity estate forward-sale has been established in China, but we didn't pay much attention to the legal issues of this system and the laws on this system are not enough in our legal system, for example, the character of the commodity estate forward-sale contract, the rights and obligations involved in the contract, the forenotice registration system ,the transfer of the forward-sale contract and ect.

今年来随着市场经济的深入化和人民生活水平的提高，人们对于住房有了越来越高的要求，而且房屋的价值也不再仅限于居住，其商用交换价值充分体现，商品房预售买卖制度在我国也已经逐步建立和巩固起来，但是对于商品房预售买卖中体现出了的一些主要的法律问题却并没有引起我们的注意或者在现实的法律体系中还有缺失，比如预售合同的法律性质，预售合同中合同双方权利和义务的关系，预告登记制度以及商品房预售转让等问题。

By this way, it can be seen that the risks of natural disaster and accident can be transferred by construction insurance and that man-caused risks by construction bond. Furthermore, this paper studies the legal problems in the implementation of construction insurance and bond system and the correspondent laws that need to be improved. With reference to construction insurance, it is compulsive to carry out Contractor"s All Risks, Erection All Risks, Employer"s Liability Insurance, Supervisory Engineer/Designer Professional Liability Insurance and Maintenance Insurance. As for construction bond, it is suitable to take the method of surety bond and implement obligatorily Bid Bond, Performance Bond, Employer Payment Bond and Contractor Payment Bond. In addition, this paper analyses the problems in the implementation of construction insurance and bond system in China and presents corresponding solutions. In the end, it provides a method by option price theory to estimate the costs of construction bond.

本文首先借鉴国外工程保险和担保制度，通过工程保险可以有效的转移自然灾害和意外事故风险，通过工程担保转移各种人为风险；其次研究了在我国实行工程保险和担保制度存在的法律问题和需完善的相关法律，提出在工程保险方面，应强制实行建筑工程一切险、安装工程一切险、质量保修保险、设计/监理责任险，在工程担保方面，宜采取保证担保的方式，强制实行投标保证担保、履约保证担保、业主履约保证担保和付款保证担保，分析了在我国实行工程保险和担保制度存在的问题，提出相应对策；最后运用期权价格理论给出了确定工程担保费用的一种方法。

The first section is the outline,which form the angle of evolving history Analyze the meaning of POBS and the relation between the labor POBS and POBS,and from this we can draws out several big basic legal characteristics which the worker competes industry forbids to have; The second section analyzes the intense conflict between the right and benefit which the system of POBS has to face,which is the reason why the POBS is denounced,including the conflict between enterprise right of management and worker right,the enterprise personal interest and the social benefit of encouraging the human resource flowing,Worker general technology and the technique relating business secret,comprehensively realizing the positive and negative effects which come from POBS;The third section comprehensively analysis the rationale of the existence of POBS form the aspects of morals,economic,legal science and so on,and Proves the value of the system of POBS from the angle of Effectively protecting the business secret,order of Market competition,the sustainable development of economical technical,and establishes the system\'s validity.The second part,using comparative and analysis methods,embarking from the two situations of on-job POBS and quit-job POBS,take British,American,German,France\'s related law competes as the example to elaborate economically advanced country\'s system of POBS,and carry on the comprehensive elaboration about present situation of our country\'s system of POBS.

第一小节是概述，此节首先从历史演变的角度剖析了竞业禁止的含义以及(来源：ABC53论文8e网www.abclunwen.com)劳动者竞业禁止与竞业禁止的关系，由此引出劳动者竞业禁止所具有的几大基本法律特征；第二小节则详细地剖析了劳动者竞业禁止制度必须面临的权利与利益的激烈冲突，这也是这一制度为人所诟病的原因，包括企业经营权与劳动者劳动权之间的冲突、企业个人利益与鼓励人才流动的社会利益的冲突、劳动者一般技术与和商业秘密相关技术的冲突，全面认识了劳动者竞业禁止制度有可能带来的正面与负面的效应；第三小节从道德、经济学、法学等方面全面分析了劳动者竞业禁止制度存在的理论基础，并从有效保护商业秘密、维护市场竞争秩序、有利于经济技术的可持续发展的角度论证了竞业禁止存在的制度价值，确立了劳动者竞业禁止制度的正当性。

The institutional change dominated by the government in our country has the following characteristics: The basic line and criteria of the institutional change are established by the government; in a institution-suppliers capacity, the government supplies institutions by the means of laws, legal provisions, policies and so on; the government sets up the barriers for institutional innovation and restricts the institutional innovation of the main body in market; the government selectedly promotes the happening of induced institutional change and improves its level of standardization and institutionalisation .

我国政府主导型制度变迁有如下特点：由政府设定制度变迁的基本路线和准则；政府以制度供给者的身份，通过法律、法规、政策等手段实施制度供给；政府设置制度进入壁垒，限制微观主体的制度创新活动；政府有选择地促进诱致性制度变迁的发生，并提高其规范化、制度化水平。

Viewing from the angle of forming course and forming mechanism of legalorder,the principal factors,which hinder the build of socialist country un-der the rule of law,may be summed up as follows.Some law lack of reason-ability,which show benefits distribution unreasonable,right protection un-equal,institution offering unbalanced.Laws are short of coercive power,centrally embodied in the phenomenon of'soft regime',both resulting fromobject factors that material conditions what exercising law needs are insuffi-cient and political system is unreasonable,and subjective factors of belief inthe rule of law being blunt,and corruption and degeneration.Non—legalmechanism is imperfect,unable to efficiently fill up the'blind area'and'gray field'of law,and strongly sustain the function of law.There are manydetect in formal aspect of law,among which the most important is that legalprocedure and procedural elements are incomplete.

从法律秩序的形成过程与形成机制的角度看，我国社会主义法治建设的主要障碍因素可归纳为以下几个方面：一些法律缺乏合理性，具体表现有利益分配不合理、权利保护不平等、制度供给不均衡；法律缺乏强制力，集中表现在&软政权&现象上，有执法的物质保障不充足和政治体制不合理等客观因素，也有法治观念淡薄、贪污腐化等主观原因；非法律机制不健全，不能有效地填充法律的&盲区&和&灰色地带&，并有力地支持法律的运行；在法律的形式方面存在诸多弊端，其中至关重要的是法律程序不健全，法律条文的程序要件不完备。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Business affairs arbitration laws applied under the arbitration system,as detailed to that,which has adopted the general discussing way by combining actual cases,so as to offer an impersonal just appraisal for the problem of that arbitration agreement on our country's laws apply,check out the omitters and supply the lack,provide opinion and suggestions ,on advancing the international station of our arbitration so as to adapt the request of the system's development .

本文基于目前我国仲裁制度下的国际商事仲裁法律适用的现状，具体到国际商事仲裁协议的法律适用问题，以一般理论结合实际案例的论述方法，对国际商事仲裁协议在我国的法律适用问题作出客观公正的评价，查漏补缺，为提升我国仲裁的国际地位以适应国际仲裁制度发展的要求，提出意见和建议。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。