法律制度

It proves necessary and accessible to set up legal regulations on the transaction of sewage rights at home, especially significant to innovate the regulations and also explains that sewage rights transaction is the essential orientation of innovation on the legal regulations of environmental resources.

论证了在我国设定排污权交易法律制度的必要性和可行性，尤其论述了在制度创新方面的重大意义，说明了排污权交易制度是环境资源法律制度创新的重要方向。

For these institutions enable the individual to bring into operation the coercive forces of the law so that those legal arrangements he has chosen shall be carried into effect and (2) to plan the rest of his life with certainty or at least the confidence (in a legal system that is working normally) that the arrangements he has made will in fact be carried out .

因为这些制度使个人能：（1）实施法律的强制力，因此，他已选择的那些法律安排将会得以实现，以及（2）基于对（在正常运行的一种法律制度中）他已做的安排会实际地执行的肯定或至少是自信，而计划他的余生。

The unhealthiness of the system has brought remarkable influence and consequence.

由于计划经济体制和既成的法律制度存在的一定的刚性，使得我国公司治理制度与市场机制和法律制度存在着碰撞与摩擦，这些碰撞和摩擦必然加大公司治理制度建立和完善的成本。

The body of this thesis is divided into four parts: Part One relates basic theories concerning judge's elucidatory authority, including its implications and character, its relationship with arguement-orientedness, and its value; Part Two introduces rules and regulations about judge'elucidatory authority in different countries in the hope for our country to draw lessons on; Part Three analyzes the present legislation situation of judge's elucidatory authority, emphasizing some existing drawbacks and necessity of constructing judge's elucidatory authority in our country; Part Four puts forward some suggestions on the content of judge's elucidatory authority to be constructed in our country, including five aspects of its fulfilling principles, fulfilling methods, fulfilling phases, legal effect and restraining mechanism.

正文可分为四个部分。第一部分是对释明权理论基础的研究，包括释明权的含义和性质，释明权和辩论主义的关系以及释明权的价值；第二部分介绍了各国关于释明权的法律制度，以期能为中国制度构建提供参考借鉴；第三部分分析了我国关于释明权的立法现状，着重分析了立法上存在的缺陷并论证了建构并完善我国法官释明权制度的必要性；第四部分对我国法官释明权制度内容的构建提出建议，包括释明权的行使原则、行使方式、行使阶段、法律效力以及约束机制五个方面。

Using the theory of nomology and administrative law, this article introduces the basic concept, legal character and systematic value of the compulsory insurance system of motor vehicle traffic accident, expounds the present administrative legal system on compulsory insurance of motor vehicle.

本文通过运用法理学和行政法学理论，介绍了机动车交通事故强制保险的基本概念、法律特征和制度价值，阐述了我国针对机动车强制保险的现有行政法律制度，结合执法实际科学剖析了我国机动车交通事故强制保险制度中存在的行政立法滞后、现实执法操作困难等问题，并从完善立法规定、改进执法方式、强化司法救济等层面就完善我国机动车交通事故强制保险制度提出了初步的意见和建议，并强调要以科学公正的法治手段为依托，通过建立完备的立法、守法、执法、司法等法治体系，以适应机动车第三者责任保险模式转型条件下的新型社会要求。

The outside director will finish the task of supervision that is in the statutory scheme and complements the corporate governance that is not well performed by the fiduciary duty. It is popular in the English and American corporate system and is adopted by the Civil Law Legal System.

外部董事制度之所以在美国产生，主要是基于两点原因：一是为了完成美国公司法律制度所提出的对公司活动进行监督的任务，这主要体现在美国公司法对法定模式的规定中；二是在实践中，法律制度中原有的信托义务难以有效地执行监督功能，需要用新的监督制度对其加以完善和补充。

The study shows that the existing laws and regulations are relatively perfect as to the static prior administration of the house-preselling admission, such as the qualification limitation of the preselling entity, the limitation of the preselling items. However, the afterward dynamic administration is relatively imperfect, especially the administration of the new law relations produced in the course of house-preselling, such as transfer and mortgage of the presold houses because we have not enacted any law or regulation or operation procedure concerning the change of the consumers' rights and obligation. Therefore, in a sense, we can say that there exist some problems such as the divorce from practice to legislation and the lacking of legislation.

通过研究发现，现行法律法规对商品房预售主体的资格条件限制，预售项目的限制等商品房预售许可制度的事前静态管理是相对完善的，而对于商品房预售合同法制度等事中、事后的动态监管则相对薄弱和欠缺，尤其对于商品房预售中产生的新的法律关系，如预售商品房的转让，预售商品房的按揭等涉及当事人重要权利义务改变的一些重大问题没有作出具体规定或制定出实际的操作程序，因此，在某种程度上可以说，现行商品房预售管理法律制度中存在实践和立法脱节、立法存在空白和缺失的问题。

The writer of the thesis thus pinpoints the new law relationships produced in lack of the preselling contract registration system and in the preselling behavior of the commercial houses, Which do exist in the contract law system of the house-preselling. What's more, the writer has also discussed the transfer relation and the mortgage relation of the preselling houses. The thesis then comes up with some suggestions as to how to improve the law systems about the house-preselling administration.

为此在文中，笔者重点针对商品房预售合同法制度中存在的预售合同登记制度不足以及因商品房预售行为而产生的新的法律关系：预售商品房的转让关系和预售商品房按揭关系，结合对法律理论中存在的分歧的探讨，提出完善商品房预售管理法律制度的建议。

Based on Chinese legal institution and comparing the legal definition of trust receipt in many countries ,this paper focuses on properly understanding the legal feature of trust receipt and assumes trust guarantee and transferring guarantee to create the legal relationship of trust receipt transaction in the future after learning the advanced legislation for reference .

本文立足于我国法律制度，通过比较各国信托收据的不同法律涵义，集中探讨如何借鉴先进国家的做法来重新认识信托收据的法律性质，并提出以让与担保和信托担保重构我国信托收据制度的法律设想。

This part explores the unique legal risks banks participating finance under L/C may encounter in the context of legal framework of our country and makes comprehensive analysis about the legal risks of import bill advance、trust receipt、acceptance and discount、negotiation under L/C. Relevant measures took to lower risks of the financing banks is also suggested.

第四章着重关注了在我国法律制度和框架下银行从事信用证融资所具有的独特的法律风险，并对融资银行在进口押汇、信托收据、票据承兑、信用证议付中的法律风险作了详细分析，在此基础上对降低融资银行法律风险、完善制度设计提出了相关建议。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。