法官制定的

In 1 Bl Comm. 91, the learned author, speaking of the construction of statutes, says:' If there arise out of them collaterally any absurd consequences manifestly contradictory to common reason, they are with regard to those collateral consequences void.

如果有些结论溢出语言的通常意义，且是不合理的，那么，法官可以合情理地得出该结论不是议会所预见的，因此，法官享有事后衡平解释制定法的自由，甚至就此而言，法官可以无视制定法。

The learned surrogate refers to the provisions of the civil law for such and other cases of unworthy conduct in the heir or legatee, and says: Our statute has under taken to prescribe the mode in which wills can be revoked eliciting the statutory provision. This is the law by which I am governed in passing upon questions touching the revocation of wills.

博学的布雷德福法官，根据民法对这种或类似的继承人或受赠人行为无效的相关规定说：我们的制定法对如何撤销遗嘱有相关规定，要撤销遗嘱就应该遵守制定法的规定。

But what if the magistrate believe such a law as this to be for the public good?

但是如果法官相信他所制定的法律是为了公共利益，那怎么办？

Enacted law is usually of excessive principle and abstraction, and thus over-discretion is endowed to judges, which results in great arbitrariness of court judgment; whereas regulations in judge-made law are more specific and detailed, which prevents judges taking personal prejudices and emotions as the basis of adjudication by effectively restricting discretion of judges, thereby protecting social justice and achieving judicial fairness.

三、Ⅲ 制定法往往过于原则化、抽象化，法官手中掌有太大的自由裁量权，法院判决的随意性太大；而法官造法的规定则往往比制定法的规定更为具体详细，它可以更有效地限制法官个人的自由裁量权，防止法官在审判中把个人的成见、情感等因素作为判决的依据，从而更好地维护社会正义和实现司法公正。

People believe is law as a kind of logos. judge scrupulously obey the cross-bencher law that is abstracted as justice and righteous marks. So legal interpretation has the character of dogmatism.

据此法律解释即是把立法者所制定的清晰明确的法律规范适用于具体的案件，法官对法律的解释则是摈弃一切主观因素探求既存、客观的立法者意图之过程，司法三段论被视为沟通实然和应然唯一桥梁，此即所谓的客观主义法律解释。

The bulk of American contract law is judge-made case law.

大部分美国合同法是法官制定的判例法。

Law students and lawyers from non-Anglo-American countries learn that Anglo-American can law is "case "law or "judge-made law "That 's true to an extent , but in reality a significant portion of the law of the United States is codified Of course , it is true that in some cases no statutory or constitutional provisions will apply .

来自非英美国家的法律专业学生和律师都知道，英美法是&判例法&或者是&法官制定的法&。这在一定程度上来说是对对的。但是事实上美国法律也有一大部分是以成文法的形式存在的。当然，在一些案例中确实没有成文法或者宪法条文可以被适用。

Enacted law helps to maintain the universal applicability and relative stability of law, the respect of which is the general conditions of the whole society, while judge-made law takes more advantages in particular and flexible applicability of law, focusing on specific situations of individual cases.

法官造法属于个人造法，它比较容易受到法官的成见、好恶、情感、能力等个人因素的影响；而对于制定法，由于立法机关一般都是由民选代表组成的，在社会中具有广泛的代表性，而且立法者要按照民主的方式和程序集体造法，所以能更好地反映人民的意志。

"Case law" always connotes judge-made law, while "common law" in contrast depending on the meaning intended describes either the judge-made law in common law subject matters or, more extensively, all judge-made law.

&判例法&通常指&法官造法&，而&普通法&相对是指普通法具体案例上法官制定的法律，或指法官制定的所有法律的总称-取决于意图指向。

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

法官们通常将之理解为：当国会或者州的立法机关制定的法律与美国宪法有所冲突的话，这些法律将被宣布无效。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷