法官

As the inaugurator of the socialist cause,Lenin had elaborated detailed dissertation about the necess...

列宁认为，作为国家专门裁决纠纷的职业阶层，法官在社会主义阶段仍然有其存在的历史必要性；法官应当是从人民群众中选举出的具有法律专业知识和实际修养的职业阶层；为了防止法官专断和擅权，主张废除法官终身制，实行社会主义的法官任期制。

In order to eliminate many factors which leads to the prejudice of judges,in criminal procedural system in China,it is necessary to carry out exclusiveness of the bill of prosecution,establish the system of separating pretrial judges and hearing judges,regulate the challenge system and the making of indictment,postpone the time to investigate the self-confession of the defendant.establish the rule of admissibility of evidence,and restrain judge from investigating out of court.

为消除我国刑事诉讼制度中存在诸多导致法官预断的因素，需要实行起诉一本主义，建立庭前准备法官与审理案件的法官分离制度，规范法官的回避制度和起诉书的制作，将被告人自白的证据调查顺序后移，建立证据能力规则，并限制法官的庭外调查。

Thus Judges, xv, 8-10, recalls Israel's delivery from Egypt and its conquest of the Promised Land; Judges, xi, 12-28, states incidents recorded in Num., xx, 14; xxi, 13,24; xxii, 2; Judges, xiii, 4, states a practice founded on the law of the Nazarites in Num., vi, 1-21; Judges, xviii, 31, speaks of the tabernacle existing in the times when there was no king in Israel; Judges, xx, 26-8 mentions the ark of the covenant, the various kinds of sacrifices, and the Aaronic priesthood.

因此，法官，十五，八月十日，回顾了以色列的交付从埃及和其征服应许之地；法官，十一，十二月二十八日，国家的事件记录在NUM个， XX条，第14条；二十一世纪， 13，24 ；二十二， 2 ；法官，十三，四，各国做法的基础上，法律的nazarites在NUM个。，六， 1月21日；法官， 18 ， 31 ，谈幕，在现有的时候，有没有国王在以色列；法官， XX条， 26-8提到的方舟盟约，各种牺牲，和aaronic神职人员。

This artcle starts with opening out the connotaion of the Power of Judge Discretion and sums up the characters of the Discretion.lt tries to previde theoretic supports and reasonable gists for the being of the Power by way of hackling about the judgement of the value of Discretion among all theories.lt is the precondition and foundation for us to study the scope and limit of the Discretion.

本文从揭示法官自由裁量权的内涵出发，概括出法官自由裁量权的基本特征。文章通过对理论界各种关于法官自由裁量权价值评判的梳理，为法官自由裁量权的存在提供理论支撑和合理性依据。这是我们研究法官自由裁量权范围和限度的前提和基础。

The article puts forward that, the special quality of justice profession is the objective that justice professionalization pursues, the special quality of justice profession externalizes j...

本文提出，法官职业特质是法官职业化所追求的目标，法官职业特质以法官职业化为外观，以法官思维为内在要求，法官职业特质必须通过系统的法官职业教育才能实现。

For example, both the Common Law systems and the Civil Law systems own a selecting system of judge, safeguarding system of judge andsupervising system which are suitable for their own legality tradition: the independence of judge, the strictly system of selecting and appointing of judge, the strictly system of guarantee of judge, such as the right guarantee of judge, the economic guarantee of judge, the diplomatic immunity system of judge, the strictly impeaching and punishing system of judge and so on.

例如无论大陆法系国家还是英美法系国家，都有一套系统的与本国法治传统相配套的法官选拔制度、法官保障制度和符合审判自身规律的监督制约机制：确立法官独立；担任法官的条件苛刻；任命程序特别严格；法官保障体制系统且严密，诸如法官的身份保障制度、法官的经济保障制度、法官的豁免权制度等；严格的弹劾惩戒程序。

Firstly, we analyse the characteristic and connotation of the judiciary profession; secondly, we review the process of forming and developing the professionalizing of the judiciary in western developed country, and introduce three foreign representative patterns; finally, we demonstrate the inevitability and feasibility of carrying out the professionalizing of the judiciary in our country.

首先分析了法官职业特点及法官职业化的内涵；其次，考察了西方发达国家法官职业化的形成、发展过程，介绍了当前国外三种有代表性的法官职业化模式；最后论证了我国实行法官职业化的必然性和可行性。

If we push the measures of professionalizing judiciary, we must reform and reconstruct our court and judiciary management system roundly, advance the diathesis of judiciary procession energetically, consummate judiciary profession safeguard, and insure the independence of the individual judge.

推行法官职业化建设就必须全面改革和重构我国法院管理体制、法官管理制度，大力提高法官队伍素质，完善法官职业保障，确保法官个人的独立。

Primary design: firstly, by reforming the judiciary selecting system, establishing the judiciary stuff quotient system and strengthening judiciary training system, we will improve the diathesis of our judiciary procession and realize the professionalizing and homogeneity of judiciary procession; secondly, by reforming court management and the deployment of the power in the court, and establishing profession safeguarding system, we will realize judiciary are independent; mirdly, by reforming personnel management, implementing to manage the judge by sequence, and perfecting the judge merit and rewards and punishment system, we will realize the judicial aim: equity and efficiency.

主要构想：一是通过改革法官遴选制度、建立法官员额制、强化法官培训制度，以提高我国法官队伍素质，实现法官队伍精英化、专业化、同质化：二是通过改革法院管理体制，改革法院内部权力配置、建立法官职业保障制度，以实现法官独立；三是通过改革法院人事管理制度，实行法院人员分序列管理，完善法官考核、惩戒制度，以实现公正与效率的司法目标。

According to the problem that affects the independence of judge , have put forward the countermeasure of solution , think that should melt through the elite of judge , professionalism construction; Perfect the right guarantee of judge system; Handle the relation of judge independent and external environment correctly; Reform judicial internal management system; The system design of some morals attainment aspects of promotion judge troops reaches the goal of judge independence.

针对影响法官独立的问题，提出了解决的对策，认为应通过法官的精英化、职论法官独立的实现内容提要业化建设；完善法官的权利保障制度；正确处理法官独立与外部环境的关系；改革法院内部管理体制；提升法官队伍的道德素养儿个方面的制度设计，来达到法官独立的目标。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。